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This could have resulted from

  • 1 возможно, это произошло в результате

    Возможно, это произошло в результате-- This could have resulted from excessive stresses at the scale-metal interface caused by temperature cycling.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > возможно, это произошло в результате

  • 2 venir

    v.
    1 to come.
    venir a/de hacer algo to come to do something/from doing something
    venir de algo to come from something (proceder, derivarse)
    venir a alguien con algo to come to somebody with something
    no me vengas con exigencias don't come to me making demands
    Una persona vino A person came.
    2 to arrive.
    vino a las doce he arrived at twelve o'clock
    3 to be.
    su foto viene en primera página his photo is o appears on the front page
    el texto viene en inglés the text is in English
    vienen en todos los tamaños they come in every size
    las anchoas vienen en lata anchovies come in tins
    Ella venía cantando por la calle She was singing in the street.
    4 to receive.
    Me vino un telegrama I received a telegram.
    5 to come up, to blow up.
    6 to be the host for.
    Nos vinieron tres personas We were the host for three people.
    7 to come to.
    Nos vino una idea An idea came to us.
    * * *
    Present Indicative
    vengo, vienes, viene, venimos, venís, vienen.
    Past Indicative
    Future Indicative
    Conditional
    Present Subjunctive
    Imperfect Subjunctive
    Future Subjunctive
    Imperative
    ven (tú), venga (él/Vd.), vengamos (nos.), venid (vos.), vengan (ellos/Vds.).
    * * *
    verb
    3) fit
    4) follow, come after
    •
    * * *
    Para las expresiones venir al caso, venir de lejos, venir a las manos, venir a menos, venir a pelo, venir de perlas, venirse abajo, venirse encima, ver la otra entrada.
    1. VERBO INTRANSITIVO
    1) (a un lugar) to come

    ¡ven acá o aquí! — come (over) here!

    —

    •¿y todo esto a quéviene? — what's all this in aid of?

    ¿a qué vienen tantos llantos? — what's all this crying about?

    ¿y ahora a qué vienes? — what do you want now?

    • hacer venir a algn, le hicieron venir desde Londres — they had him come (all the way) from London

    hicieron venir al médico — they sent for the doctor, they called out the doctor

    • venir (a) por algn/algo — to come for sb/sth

    vinieron (a) por el enfermo — they came to pick up the patient, they came for the patient

    han venido (a) por el coche — they've come to pick up the car, they've come for the car

    venirle a algn con —

    2) (=volver)

    ¡enseguida o ahora vengo! — I'll be right back! *

    3) (=estar) to be
    4) (=ocurrir) to come

    ahora viene lo mejor de la película — this is the best bit in the film, the best bit in the film is coming up now

    - estar a verlas venir
    5) venir de (=provenir) to come from

    • la honestidad le viene de familia — honesty runs in her family

    6) (=sobrevenir)
    7) (=quedar)

    este puesto de trabajo me viene grande o ancho — this job is beyond me, this job is too much for me

    • venir bien, ¿te viene bien el sábado? — is Saturday all right for you?

    • venir mal, mañana me viene mal — tomorrow is inconvenient

    (=futuro)

    las generaciones por venir — future generations, generations to come

    que viene (=próximo) next venga a (con sentido reiterativo)
    a)

    —

    vino a parar o dar a la cárcel — he ended up in jail

    • venir a ser, viene a ser 84 en total — it comes to 84 all together

    viene a ser lo mismo — it comes to o amounts to the same thing

    b) [+ gerund]
    c) [+ participio]

    venía hecho polvo — *he was shattered *

    10) ¡venga!
    ( Esp) *

    ¡venga, vámonos! — come on, let's go!

    ¡venga, una canción! — let's have a song!

    préstame cinco euros, venga — go on, lend me five euros

    -¿quieres que lo hagamos juntos? -¡venga! — "shall we do it together?" - "come on, then"

    -¡hasta luego! -¡venga! — "see you later!" - "O.K.!" o"right!"

    ¡venga ya, no seas pesado! — come on, don't be such a bore!

    -me ha tocado la lotería -¡venga ya! — "I've won the lottery" - "you're kidding! *"

    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo intransitivo
    1)
    a) ( a un lugar) to come

    vine en tren/avión — I came by train/plane

    ¿a qué vino? — what did he come by o around for?

    ¿ha venido el electricista? — has the electrician been?

    venir por or (Esp) a por alguien/algo — to come for somebody/something, come to pick somebody/something up

    venir a + inf — to come to + inf

    b) ( volver) to come back
    c) ( salir)

    venir con algo: me vino con un cuento he came up with some excuse; no me vengas con exigencias don't start making demands; no me vengas con eso ahora don't give me that (colloq); y ahora viene con que necesita el doble — and now he says he needs double

    d) ( sobrevenir) (+ me/te/le etc)

    me vino una gripe — I came o went down with flu

    me vinieron unas ganas de reír... — I felt like bursting out laughing

    2)

    ¿qué viene después de las noticias? — what's on after the news?

    ¿a qué viene eso? — why do you say that?

    ¿a qué vienen esos gritos? — what's all the shouting about?

    3) (+ me/te/le etc)
    a) ( quedar) (+ compl)
    b) ( convenir) (+ compl)

    ¿te viene bien a las ocho? — is eight o'clock all right o OK for you?

    a)

    venir a + inf: esto viene a confirmar mis sospechas this confirms my suspicions; vendrá a tener unos 30 años she must be about 30; el precio viene a ser el mismo — the price works out (about) the same

    b)

    venir + ger: hace mucho que lo venía diciendo I'd been saying so all along; viene trabajando aquí desde hace muchos años — he has been working here for many years

    2.
    venirse v pron (enf)
    a) ( a un lugar) to come

    ¿te vienes al parque? — are you coming to the park?

    venirse abajo — persona to go to pieces; techo to fall in, collapse; estante to collapse; ilusiones to go up in smoke; proyectos to fall through

    b) ( volver) to come back
    * * *
    = come.
    Nota: Verbo irregular: pasado came, participio come.
    Ex. This article urges children's librarians to attack 'aliteracy' (lack of a desire to read) as well as illiteracy by taking programmes, e.g. story hours, to children who do not come to libraries.
    ----
    * ¡venga ya! = on your bike!.
    * ir y venir = come and go.
    * lo bueno viene en frascos pequeños = small is beautiful.
    * no hay mal que por bien no venga = be a blessing in disguise.
    * Nombre/Pronombre + vino como anillo al dedo = it worked out beautifully for + Nombre/Pronombre.
    * no venir al caso = be immaterial.
    * no venir mal + Infinitivo = not hurt to + Infinitivo.
    * que viene = incoming.
    * que viene el lobo = crying wolf.
    * sin venir a cuento = out of the blue, like a bolt out of the blue, like a bolt from the blue, for no reason, for no specific reason, for no particular reason, for no good reason.
    * sin venir a pelo = out of the blue, like a bolt out of the blue, for no reason, for no specific reason, for no particular reason, for no good reason.
    * sistema + venirse abajo = system + crash.
    * ven aquí = come over here.
    * venir a continuación de + Nombre = come in + Posesivo + footsteps.
    * venir a la mente = spring to + mind.
    * venir al mundo = come into + the world.
    * venir a menos = retrench.
    * venir aquí = come over.
    * venir a ser lo mismo que = amount to + the same thing as.
    * venir bien = be none the worse for (that), suit + best.
    * venir como anillo al dedo = be (right) up + Posesivo + alley, be + Posesivo + cup of tea, be right as rain, fit + the bill, be just the thing, be just the ticket, be just the job.
    * venir con = come with.
    * venir con buenas intenciones = come in + peace.
    * venir de maravilla = be just the thing, be just the ticket, be just the job.
    * venir de mucho tiempo atrás = go back + a long way.
    * venir de perilla = be (right) up + Posesivo + alley, be + Posesivo + cup of tea, be just the thing, be just the ticket, be just the job.
    * venir en son de paz = come in + peace.
    * venir instintivamente a = come + naturally to, be second nature to + Pronombre.
    * venir justo después de = come on + the heels of.
    * venirle Algo grande a Alguien = get + too big for + Posesivo + boots, get + too big for + Posesivo + breeches.
    * venirle a Uno a la mente = come to + mind.
    * venir muy bien = fit + the bill.
    * venir por naturaleza a = come + naturally to, be second nature to + Pronombre.
    * venirse abajo = break down, tumble down, tumble, fall + apart.
    * ver Algo venir = the (hand)writing + be + on the wall, see it + coming.
    * verse venir = be on the cards.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo intransitivo
    1)
    a) ( a un lugar) to come

    vine en tren/avión — I came by train/plane

    ¿a qué vino? — what did he come by o around for?

    ¿ha venido el electricista? — has the electrician been?

    venir por or (Esp) a por alguien/algo — to come for somebody/something, come to pick somebody/something up

    venir a + inf — to come to + inf

    b) ( volver) to come back
    c) ( salir)

    venir con algo: me vino con un cuento he came up with some excuse; no me vengas con exigencias don't start making demands; no me vengas con eso ahora don't give me that (colloq); y ahora viene con que necesita el doble — and now he says he needs double

    d) ( sobrevenir) (+ me/te/le etc)

    me vino una gripe — I came o went down with flu

    me vinieron unas ganas de reír... — I felt like bursting out laughing

    2)

    ¿qué viene después de las noticias? — what's on after the news?

    ¿a qué viene eso? — why do you say that?

    ¿a qué vienen esos gritos? — what's all the shouting about?

    3) (+ me/te/le etc)
    a) ( quedar) (+ compl)
    b) ( convenir) (+ compl)

    ¿te viene bien a las ocho? — is eight o'clock all right o OK for you?

    a)

    venir a + inf: esto viene a confirmar mis sospechas this confirms my suspicions; vendrá a tener unos 30 años she must be about 30; el precio viene a ser el mismo — the price works out (about) the same

    b)

    venir + ger: hace mucho que lo venía diciendo I'd been saying so all along; viene trabajando aquí desde hace muchos años — he has been working here for many years

    2.
    venirse v pron (enf)
    a) ( a un lugar) to come

    ¿te vienes al parque? — are you coming to the park?

    venirse abajo — persona to go to pieces; techo to fall in, collapse; estante to collapse; ilusiones to go up in smoke; proyectos to fall through

    b) ( volver) to come back
    * * *
    = come.
    Nota: Verbo irregular: pasado came, participio come.

    Ex: This article urges children's librarians to attack 'aliteracy' (lack of a desire to read) as well as illiteracy by taking programmes, e.g. story hours, to children who do not come to libraries.

    * ¡venga ya! = on your bike!.
    * ir y venir = come and go.
    * lo bueno viene en frascos pequeños = small is beautiful.
    * no hay mal que por bien no venga = be a blessing in disguise.
    * Nombre/Pronombre + vino como anillo al dedo = it worked out beautifully for + Nombre/Pronombre.
    * no venir al caso = be immaterial.
    * no venir mal + Infinitivo = not hurt to + Infinitivo.
    * que viene = incoming.
    * que viene el lobo = crying wolf.
    * sin venir a cuento = out of the blue, like a bolt out of the blue, like a bolt from the blue, for no reason, for no specific reason, for no particular reason, for no good reason.
    * sin venir a pelo = out of the blue, like a bolt out of the blue, for no reason, for no specific reason, for no particular reason, for no good reason.
    * sistema + venirse abajo = system + crash.
    * ven aquí = come over here.
    * venir a continuación de + Nombre = come in + Posesivo + footsteps.
    * venir a la mente = spring to + mind.
    * venir al mundo = come into + the world.
    * venir a menos = retrench.
    * venir aquí = come over.
    * venir a ser lo mismo que = amount to + the same thing as.
    * venir bien = be none the worse for (that), suit + best.
    * venir como anillo al dedo = be (right) up + Posesivo + alley, be + Posesivo + cup of tea, be right as rain, fit + the bill, be just the thing, be just the ticket, be just the job.
    * venir con = come with.
    * venir con buenas intenciones = come in + peace.
    * venir de maravilla = be just the thing, be just the ticket, be just the job.
    * venir de mucho tiempo atrás = go back + a long way.
    * venir de perilla = be (right) up + Posesivo + alley, be + Posesivo + cup of tea, be just the thing, be just the ticket, be just the job.
    * venir en son de paz = come in + peace.
    * venir instintivamente a = come + naturally to, be second nature to + Pronombre.
    * venir justo después de = come on + the heels of.
    * venirle Algo grande a Alguien = get + too big for + Posesivo + boots, get + too big for + Posesivo + breeches.
    * venirle a Uno a la mente = come to + mind.
    * venir muy bien = fit + the bill.
    * venir por naturaleza a = come + naturally to, be second nature to + Pronombre.
    * venirse abajo = break down, tumble down, tumble, fall + apart.
    * ver Algo venir = the (hand)writing + be + on the wall, see it + coming.
    * verse venir = be on the cards.

    * * *
    venir [ I31 ]
    vi
    A
    1 (a un lugar) to come
    vine en tren/avión I came by train/plane
    ¿puedes venir un momento? can you come here a second?
    casi nos matamos viniendo or al venir de Medellín we nearly got killed on our way from o coming from Medellín
    ¿a qué vino? what did he come by o around o ( BrE) round for?
    ¿ha venido el electricista? has the electrician been?
    ¡que venga el encargado! I want to see the person in charge!
    vengo de parte del Sr Díaz Mr Díaz sent me, I'm here on behalf of Mr Díaz
    ¿vienes solo? — no, con un amigo have you come on your own? — no, with a friend
    vine dormida todo el tiempo I slept (for) the whole journey
    viene furiosa she's furious
    venir POR algn to come for sb, come to pick sb up
    vienen por mí a las ocho they're coming for me o they're picking me up at eight
    venir ( A) POR algo to come for sth, come to pick sth up
    vinieron (a) por el pan they came for o came to pick up the bread
    venir A + INF:
    ven a ver esto come and see this
    vienen a pasar unos días con nosotros they're coming to spend a few days with us
    a las siete me vienen a buscar they're coming to pick me up at seven
    el que venga detrás que arree ( fam); let the next person sort things out
    2 (volver) to come back
    no vengas tarde don't be late home o back, don't come home o back late
    ahora vengo I'll be back in a moment
    vino muy cansado del viaje he was very tired when he got back from his trip, he came back very tired from his trip
    3 (con excusas, exigencias) venir CON algo:
    no me vengas ahora con exigencias don't start making demands now
    no me vengas con cuentos I don't want (to hear) any excuses, don't give me any excuses
    y ahora viene con que necesita el doble and now he says he needs double
    4 (sobrevenir) (+ me/te/le etc):
    me vino una gripe I came o went down with flu
    me vinieron unas ganas de reír … I felt like bursting out laughing
    B
    1
    (tener lugar): ahora viene esa escena que te conté that scene I told you about is coming up now
    entonces vino la guerra then the war came
    ¿qué viene ahora después de las noticias? what's on after the news?
    vino una ola de frío inesperada there was an unexpected cold spell
    ya vendrán tiempos mejores things will get better
    una tela que viene de la India a cloth that's made in o that comes from India
    esa palabra viene del griego that word comes from Greek
    la enfermedad le viene de familia the illness runs in his family
    el problema viene ya de lejos the problem goes back a long way
    de ahí viene que tenga tantas deudas that's why he has so many debts
    3
    ¿a qué viene/vienen …?: ¿a qué viene eso? why do you say that?
    ¿a qué vienen esos gritos? what's all the shouting about o ( colloq) in aid of?, why all the shouting? ( colloq) what's with all the shouting? ( colloq)
    4
    (indicando presentación): el folleto viene en inglés y en francés the brochure is available in English and in French, you can get the brochure in English and in French
    viene en tres tamaños it comes in three sizes
    así venía, yo no lo he tocado it came like that, I haven't touched it
    5
    (estar incluido): su foto viene en la primera página her picture is on the front page
    no viene nada sobre la manifestación de ayer there's nothing about yesterday's demonstration
    C
    (quedar) «falda/traje» (+ compl): esa camisa te viene ancha that shirt's too big for you
    ese abrigo te viene mal that coat doesn't suit you o doesn't look right on you
    el cargo le viene grande the job's too much for him, he isn't up to the job
    estas cajas me vendrán muy bien para la mudanza these boxes will be useful o ( colloq) will come in handy when I move
    ¿te viene bien a las ocho? is eight o'clock all right o OK for you?, does eight o'clock suit you?
    el jueves no me viene bien Thursday's no good o not a good day for me, I can't make Thursday
    no me vendrían mal unas vacaciones I could do with a vacation
    los abajo firmantes venimos en declarar que … we, the undersigned, hereby declare that …
    1 venir A + INF:
    esto viene a confirmar mis sospechas this serves to confirm my suspicions, this confirms my suspicions
    vendrá a tener unos 30 años she must be about 30
    el precio viene a ser el mismo the price works out (about) the same, they're around the same price
    2 venir + GER:
    viene utilizando nuestros servicios desde hace muchos años he has been using our services for many years
    A ( enf)
    1 (a un lugar) to come
    se han venido desde Málaga a vernos they've come (all the way) from Malaga to see us
    ¿te vienes al parque? are you coming to the park?
    venirse abajo «persona» to go to pieces;
    «techo» to fall in, collapse; «estante» to collapse; «ilusiones» to go up in smoke, fall apart; «proyectos» to fall through, go up in smoke
    2 (volver) to come back
    estaban de vacaciones pero tuvieron que venirse they were on vacation but they had to come back o come home
    * * *

     

    venir ( conjugate venir) verbo intransitivo
    1


    ¿a qué vino? what did he come by o around for?;
    vine dormida todo el tiempo I slept (for) the whole journey;
    venir por or (Esp) a por algn/algo to come for sb/sth, come to pick sb/sth up;
    la vino a buscar su madre her mother came to pick her up;
    ven a ver esto come and see this


    no vengas tarde don't be late home o back
    c) ( salir):


    no me vengas con exigencias don't start making demands
    2


    ¿qué viene después de las noticias? what's on after the news?;
    ya vendrán tiempos mejores things will get better
    b) ( indicando procedencia) venir de algo to come from sth;


    le viene de familia it runs in his family;
    ¿a qué viene eso? why do you say that?




    no viene nada sobre la huelga there's nothing about the strike
    3 ( convenir):

    el jueves no me viene bien Thursday's no good for me;
    me vendría bien un descanso I could do with a rest
    4 ( como aux):

    hace mucho que lo venía diciendo I'd been saying so all along
    venirse verbo pronominal ( enf)


    venirse abajo [ persona] to go to pieces;

    [ techo] to fall in, collapse;
    [ estante] to collapse;
    [ ilusiones] to go up in smoke;
    [ proyectos] to fall through

    venir verbo intransitivo
    1 to come
    ven y mira lo que he dibujado, come and see what I've drawn
    2 (llegar) to come: viene el invierno, winter is coming
    acaba de venir de la tienda, he's just come from the shop
    3 (volver) to come back: vengo en un minuto, I'll be back in a minute
    4 (proceder) to come from: estos juguetes vienen de China, these toys come from China
    5 (surgir, sobrevenir) me vino la gripe, I went down with flu
    (suceder) entonces vino la guerra civil, then came the civil war
    6 (quedar) este jersey me viene grande, this sweater is too big for me
    7 (aparecer, presentarse) to come: esa información viene en el capítulo dos, that information comes in chapter two
    ¿viene algo del terremoto?, is there anything about the earthquake?
    viene en un estuche verde, it comes in a green case
    8 (indicando aproximación) este libro viene a tener unos cien años, this book must be about a hundred years old
    ♦ Locuciones: venir al mundo, to be born
    venir de lejos, to come from afar
    ' venir' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    acaso
    - acercarse
    - acudir
    - adelantarse
    - animarse
    - balde
    - caso
    - comprometerse
    - constructor
    - constructora
    - convenir
    - en
    - esperar
    - familia
    - graduación
    - gratuitamente
    - hacer
    - hispanista
    - inconveniente
    - lástima
    - menos
    - molestia
    - pelo
    - precisamente
    - sobrevenir
    - son
    - tejemaneje
    - aceptar
    - anillo
    - aprovechar
    - atraer
    - corazonada
    - cosa
    - cuento
    - hombre
    - importar
    - ir
    - jalar
    - macana
    - molestar
    - mundo
    - parar
    - perilla
    - poco
    - poder
    - quedar
    - seguir
    - soler
    - subir
    - suponer
    English:
    amenable
    - and
    - bank on
    - call out
    - card
    - come
    - come along
    - come in
    - come over
    - come round
    - family
    - handy
    - have
    - let
    - like
    - pop over
    - shuttle
    - spot
    - suit
    - tale
    - taste
    - too
    - useful
    - visit
    - walk about
    - welcome
    - agreeable
    - aid
    - better
    - delighted
    - down
    - expect
    - foot
    - get
    - obviously
    - one
    - shall
    - thank
    - will
    - would
    * * *
    ♦ vi
    1. [desplazarse, aproximarse] to come;
    ayer vino a casa she came to visit us yesterday;
    ¿de dónde vienes? where have you been?;
    vengo del mercado I've come from o been to the market;
    venir a/de hacer algo to come to do sth/from doing sth;
    ¿a qué has venido? why have you come?, what have you come for?;
    ven a ayudarme come and help me;
    voy y vengo I'll be right back;
    he venido (a) por Marta I've come for Marta;
    vinieron (a) por mí al aeropuerto they picked me up at the airport;
    todos veníamos muy cansados we were all very tired;
    vino hablando todo el camino she spent the whole journey talking;
    el año/mes que viene next year/month;
    RP
    venir al teléfono to come to the phone
    2. [llegar] to arrive;
    [regresar] to get back;
    aún no ha venido [llegado] she hasn't arrived yet;
    [regresado] she's not back yet;
    vendré tarde I'll be late (back);
    ¿han venido los del gas? has the gas man come yet?;
    cuando venga el verano when summer arrives
    3. [pasar, ocurrir]
    en aquel año vino una recesión there was a recession that year;
    ¿qué viene ahora? what comes next?;
    después de este programa viene una película after this programme there's a movie
    4. [proceder, derivarse]
    venir de algo to come from sth;
    viene de familia rica she's from o she comes from a rich family;
    el talento para la música le viene de familia the gift for music runs in the family;
    ¿de qué árbol viene el caucho? from what tree do we get rubber?;
    de ahí viene que te duela la espalda that's why your back is hurting;
    viniendo de ella no me sorprende it doesn't surprise me, coming from her
    5. Fam [decir, soltar]
    venir a alguien con algo to come to sb with sth;
    no me vengas con exigencias don't come to me making demands;
    ¡no me vengas con ésas! don't give me that!;
    vino con que le hacía falta el dinero he said he needed the money
    6. [hallarse] to be;
    su foto viene en primera página his photo is o appears on the front page;
    ¿dónde viene la sección de deportes? where's the sports section?;
    el texto viene en inglés the text is in English;
    vienen en todos los tamaños they come in every size;
    las anchoas vienen en lata anchovies come in cans o Br tins
    7. [acometer, sobrevenir]
    me viene sueño I'm getting sleepy;
    me venían ganas de vomitar I kept wanting to be sick;
    le vinieron ganas de reír he was seized by a desire to laugh;
    me ha venido el periodo my period has started;
    le vino una tremenda desgracia he suffered a great misfortune
    8. [ropa, calzado]
    ¿qué tal te viene? does it fit all right?;
    el abrigo le viene pequeño the coat is too small for her;
    este trabajo le viene un poco ancho o [m5] grande he's not really up to this job
    9. [convenir]
    venir bien/mal a alguien to suit/not to suit sb;
    el diccionario me vendrá muy bien the dictionary will come in very useful;
    ¿qué tal te viene el lunes? how's Monday for you?, how does Monday suit you?;
    mañana no me viene bien tomorrow isn't a good day for me, I can't make it tomorrow;
    no te vendrían mal unas vacaciones you could use a Br holiday o US vacation
    10. [indica aproximación o resultado]
    viene a costar un millón it costs almost a million;
    esto viene a significar… this effectively means…;
    ¿cómo has venido a parar aquí? how did you end up here?;
    venir a ser to amount to;
    viene a ser lo mismo it doesn't make much difference;
    venir a menos [negocio] to go downhill;
    [persona] to go down in the world;
    son una familia venida a menos they're a family which has gone down in the world
    11. Fam [orgasmo]
    me viene I'm coming
    12.
    ¿a qué viene…?: ¿a qué viene eso? what do you mean by that?, what's that in aid of?;
    ¿a qué viene tanta amabilidad? why all this kindness?, what's all this kindness in aid of?
    ♦ v aux
    1. [antes de gerundio] [haber estado]
    venir haciendo algo to have been doing sth;
    vengo diciéndolo desde hace tiempo I've been saying so for some time now;
    las peleas vienen sucediéndose desde hace tiempo fighting has been going on for some time;
    el desempleo viene siendo el mayor problema unemployment has been the major problem
    2. [antes de participio] [haber sido]
    los cambios vienen motivados por la presión de la oposición the changes have resulted from pressure on the part of the opposition;
    un espectáculo que viene precedido de gran polémica a show which has been surrounded by controversy
    * * *
    v/i
    1 come;
    venir de Lima come from Lima;
    a por algo come for sth, come to collect sth;
    viene a ser lo mismo it comes down to the same thing;
    venir a menos come down in the world;
    le vino una idea an idea occurred to him
    2
    :
    venir bien/mal be convenient/ inconvenient
    3 ( sentar)
    :
    el vestido me viene estrecho this dress is too tight for me
    4
    :
    viene en la página 3 it’s on page 3
    5
    :
    ¿a qué viene eso? why do you say that?;
    no me vengas ahora con … I don’t want to hear your…
    6
    :
    el año que viene next year, the coming year, the year to come
    7
    :
    ¡venga! venga aquí, no seas pesado come on!
    * * *
    venir {87} vi
    1) : to come
    lo vi venir: I saw him coming
    ¡venga!: come on!
    2) : to arrive
    vinieron en coche: they came by car
    3) : to come, to originate
    sus zapatos vienen de Italia: her shoes are from Italy
    4) : to come, to be available
    viene envuelto en plástico: it comes wrapped in plastic
    5) : to come back, to return
    6) : to affect, to overcome
    me vino un vahído: a dizzy spell came over me
    7) : to fit
    te viene un poco grande: it's a little big for you
    viene entrenando diariamente: he's been training daily
    9)
    venir a (with the infinitive) : to end up, to turn out
    viene a ser lo mismo: it comes out the same
    que viene : coming, next
    el año que viene: next year
    venir bien : to be suitable, to be just right
    * * *
    venir vb
    1. (en general) to come [pt. came; pp. come]
    ¿cuándo vendrás a vernos? when will you come to see us?
    ¿has venido en tren? did you come by train?
    2. (volver) to be back
    3. (estar, ser) to be
    ¡venga! come on!
    ¡venga ya! come off it!
    ¿te viene bien esta tarde? does this afternoon suit you?

    Spanish-English dictionary > venir

  • 3 conséquence

    conséquence [kɔ̃sekɑ̃s]
    feminine noun
       a. ( = résultat) consequence
    • cela pourrait avoir or entraîner des conséquences graves pour... this could have serious consequences for...
    • sans conséquence ( = sans suite fâcheuse) without repercussions ; ( = sans importance) of no consequence
    • cela ne porte or ne prête pas à conséquence it's of no consequence
    ► en conséquence ( = donc) consequently ; ( = comme il convient) accordingly
    • en conséquence de ( = par suite de) as a result of ; ( = selon) according to
       b. ( = conclusion) conclusion (de to be drawn from)
    * * *
    kɔ̃sekɑ̃s
    nom féminin consequence ( pour for; sur to)
    * * *
    kɔ̃sekɑ̃s
    1. nf

    en conséquence (= donc) — consequently, (= de façon appropriée) accordingly

    2. conséquences nfpl
    consequences, repercussions
    * * *
    conséquence nf consequence (pour for; sur to); conséquence logique/pratique logical/practical consequence; conséquences désastreuses/financières disastrous/financial consequences; être la conséquence de to be the consequence of; être lourd de conséquences to have serious consequences; sans conséquence(s) of no consequence; supporter les conséquences to suffer ou bear the consequences; tirer les conséquences de qch to learn one's lesson from sth; ne pas tirer à conséquence to be of no consequence; conséquence heureuse happy result; avoir pour conséquence de faire to have the effect of doing; avoir pour conséquence le chômage/la hausse des prix to result in unemployment/an increase in prices; en conséquence (de quoi) as a result (of which); agir en conséquence to act accordingly; avoir des qualifications et un salaire en conséquence to have qualifications and a corresponding salary; par voie de conséquence consequently, by way of consequence.
    [kɔ̃sekɑ̃s] nom féminin
    a. [sans importance] a statement of no ou little consequence
    ————————
    de conséquence locution adjectivale
    ————————
    en conséquence locution adverbiale
    1. [par conséquent] consequently, therefore
    2. [comme il convient] accordingly
    ————————
    en conséquence de locution prépositionnelle
    as a consequence ou result of

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > conséquence

  • 4 traer

    v.
    1 to bring.
    trae a tus amigos bring your friends (along)
    María trajo ensalada Mary brought salad.
    2 to carry (llevar encima).
    ¿qué traes ahí? what have you got there?
    3 to have.
    trae un artículo interesante it has an interesting article in it
    ¿qué trae ese sobre? what's in that envelope?
    4 to wear (llevar puesto).
    Lisa trae una enagua verde Lisa wears a green skirt.
    5 to bring (provocar) (ruina, pobreza, suerte).
    traer consigo to mean, to lead to (implicar)
    6 to bring along, to bear, to entail.
    * * *
    Present Indicative
    traigo, traes, trae, traemos, traéis, traen.
    Past Indicative
    Present Subjunctive
    Imperfect Subjunctive
    Future Subjunctive
    Imperative
    trae (tú), traiga (él/Vd.), traigamos (nos.), traed (vos.), traigan (ellos/Vds.).
    * * *
    verb
    1) to bring, fetch
    3) have
    4) wear
    •
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=transportar) to bring

    ¿has traído el dinero? — have you brought the money?

    ¿me traes un vaso de agua? — can you bring o fetch o get me a glass of water?

    ¿nos trae la cuenta, por favor? — can we have the bill, please?

    trae, ya lo arreglo yo — give it to me, I'll fix it

    ¿me puedes traer mañana a la oficina? — can you bring me to work o give me a lift to work tomorrow?

    ¿qué la trae por aquí? — what brings you here?

    • traer un hijo al mundo — to bring a child into the world

    • traer buenas/malas notas — to get good/bad marks o grades (EEUU)

    memoria
    2) (=llevar encima) [+ ropa] to wear; [+ objeto] to carry

    ¿qué traes en esa bolsa? — what have you got in that bag?, what are you carrying in that bag?

    3) [periódico, revista]

    ¿trae alguna noticia interesante? — is there any interesting news?

    4) (=causar) [+ suerte, paz, beneficios] to bring; [+ recuerdos] to bring back; [+ consecuencias] to have

    • traer consigo — to bring about

    la recesión trajo consigo un aumento del paro — the recession brought with it o brought about an increase in unemployment

    colación 1), cuento I, 3)
    5) (=tener)
    + adj loco 1., 1)
    6)

    traer de cabeza a algn —

    ¡este hijo mío me trae a mal traer! — this son of mine is really giving me a hard time!, this son of mine is (giving me) nothing but trouble!

    traído
    7) (=atraer) [+ imán] to draw, attract
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) ( de un lugar a otro) to bring

    tráigame la cuenta por favor — could I have o would you bring me the check (AmE) o (BrE) bill, please?

    ¿qué te trae por aquí? — what brings you here?

    muy traído y llevado: el muy traído y llevado tema de su divorcio — the tired old story about his divorce

    2) (ocasionar, causar) <problemas/dificultades> to cause
    3) ( contener) to have

    trae un artículo sobre computación — it has o contains an article on computing

    4)
    a) <ropa/sombrero> to wear
    b) ( tener consigo) to bring
    2.
    traerse v pron
    1) (enf) ( a un sitio) to bring (along)
    2) (fam) ( tramar) to be up to (colloq)

    ¿qué se traerán esas dos? — what are those two up to?

    traérselas — problema/asunto/examen to be tough (colloq) o difficult

    * * *
    = bring, fetch, take along.
    Ex. Subject experts may bring a more informed and critical eye to document analysis.
    Ex. The microprocessor operates in three steps: (a) fetch the instruction from memory; (b) decode the instruction; (c) execute the instruction.
    Ex. When you're crunched for time, take along snacks that pack a wallop, nutritionally speaking.
    ----
    * traer a Alguien a filas = whip + Nombre + into shape.
    * traer a casa = bring + back home.
    * traer a la memoria = conjure up.
    * traer al pairo = not give a damn, not give a shit, could not care less, not give a fuck.
    * traer consecuencias = have + consequences.
    * traer consigo = bring along with + Pronombre, bring along with + Pronombre.
    * traer consigo éxito = spell + success.
    * traer consigo fracaso = spell + failure.
    * traer éxito = spell + success.
    * traer fracaso = spell + failure.
    * traerse algo malo entre manos = be up to no good, get up to + no good.
    * traérsela floja a Alguien = not give a shit.
    * traer sin cuidado = not give a damn, not give a shit, not give a fuck.
    * volver a traer = restore.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) ( de un lugar a otro) to bring

    tráigame la cuenta por favor — could I have o would you bring me the check (AmE) o (BrE) bill, please?

    ¿qué te trae por aquí? — what brings you here?

    muy traído y llevado: el muy traído y llevado tema de su divorcio — the tired old story about his divorce

    2) (ocasionar, causar) <problemas/dificultades> to cause
    3) ( contener) to have

    trae un artículo sobre computación — it has o contains an article on computing

    4)
    a) <ropa/sombrero> to wear
    b) ( tener consigo) to bring
    2.
    traerse v pron
    1) (enf) ( a un sitio) to bring (along)
    2) (fam) ( tramar) to be up to (colloq)

    ¿qué se traerán esas dos? — what are those two up to?

    traérselas — problema/asunto/examen to be tough (colloq) o difficult

    * * *
    = bring, fetch, take along.

    Ex: Subject experts may bring a more informed and critical eye to document analysis.

    Ex: The microprocessor operates in three steps: (a) fetch the instruction from memory; (b) decode the instruction; (c) execute the instruction.
    Ex: When you're crunched for time, take along snacks that pack a wallop, nutritionally speaking.
    * traer a Alguien a filas = whip + Nombre + into shape.
    * traer a casa = bring + back home.
    * traer a la memoria = conjure up.
    * traer al pairo = not give a damn, not give a shit, could not care less, not give a fuck.
    * traer consecuencias = have + consequences.
    * traer consigo = bring along with + Pronombre, bring along with + Pronombre.
    * traer consigo éxito = spell + success.
    * traer consigo fracaso = spell + failure.
    * traer éxito = spell + success.
    * traer fracaso = spell + failure.
    * traerse algo malo entre manos = be up to no good, get up to + no good.
    * traérsela floja a Alguien = not give a shit.
    * traer sin cuidado = not give a damn, not give a shit, not give a fuck.
    * volver a traer = restore.

    * * *
    traer [ E23 ]
    vt
    ¿me puedes traer los zapatos? could you bring me my shoes?
    trajeron a todos los niños they brought all the children (with them)
    me trajo un recuerdo de su viaje she brought me back a souvenir from her trip
    tráigame la cuenta por favor could I have o would you bring me the check ( AmE) o ( BrE) bill, please?
    tráeme el diccionario que está en el otro cuarto bring o fetch me the dictionary from the other room
    ¿te acordaste de traer el libro? did you remember to bring the book?
    un amigo me trajo en la moto a friend brought me on his motorbike
    traía al niño sobre los hombros he was carrying the child on his shoulders
    ¿qué te trajeron los Reyes? ≈ what did Father Christmas o Santa Claus bring you?
    ¿qué te trae por aquí? what brings you here?
    trajo muy buenas notas or calificaciones este mes he got very good grades ( AmE) o ( BrE) marks this month
    me la trae floja ( Esp vulg); I couldn't give a damn (sl)
    muy traído y llevado: el muy traído y llevado tema de su divorcio the tired old story about his divorce
    traerla con algn ( Méx fam); to have it in for sb ( colloq)
    B
    (ocasionar, causar): la polución trae graves consecuencias para el planeta pollution has serious consequences for the planet
    la guerra trajo pobreza y desolación the war brought o caused poverty and devastation
    una medida que trajo aparejados muchos cambios a measure which entailed o involved o meant many changes
    dicen que trae buena suerte they say that it brings good luck, they say that it's lucky
    tener a algn a mal traer to give sb a hard time ( colloq)
    C
    (contener): los periódicos traen la noticia en primera página the newspapers are carrying o have the story on the front page, the story is o appears on the front page of the newspapers
    el último número trae un artículo sobre informática the latest issue has o contains an article on information technology
    este diccionario no lo trae it's not in this dictionary
    la portada trae una foto del accidente there is a photo of the accident on the front page
    D
    1 ‹ropa/sombrero› to wear
    traía un sombrero nuevo she was wearing a new hat o she had a new hat on
    siempre trae ropa muy cara she always wears very expensive clothes
    trae la bragueta abierta his fly is o ( BrE) his flies are open o undone
    2 (tener consigo) to bring
    no traje mucho dinero I didn't bring much money (with me)
    ¿trajiste tu pasaporte? have you brought o did you remember your passport?
    ■ traer
    vi
    trae (para acá), yo te lo abro bring it here o give it to me o ( colloq) give it here, I'll open it for you
    A ( enf) (a un sitio) to bring, bring along
    lo invité a él y se trajo a toda la familia I invited him and he brought the whole family along
    tráete las sábanas, que aquí no tengo bring your own sheets, because I don't have any spare
    tráete algunas cintas a la fiesta bring some tapes (along) to the party
    B ( fam) (tramar) to be up to ( colloq)
    ¿qué se traerán esas dos? what are those two up to?
    mano1 (↑ mano (1))
    traérselas «problema/asunto» to be tough o difficult
    el examen se las traía the exam was pretty tough ( colloq)
    este crío se las trae this kid's a terror o handful ( colloq)
    esta novela se las trae this book's tough-going o hard work
    * * *

     

    traer ( conjugate traer) verbo transitivo
    1 ( de un lugar a otro) to bring;

    ¿qué te trae por aquí? what brings you here?
    2 (ocasionar, causar) ‹problemas/dificultades› to cause;

    3 [libro/artículo] ‹artículo/capítulo› to have;

    4
    a) ‹ropa/sombrero› to wear



    traerse verbo pronominal
    1 ( enf) ( a un sitio) to bring (along);

    2 (fam) ( tramar) to be up to (colloq);
    ◊ ¿qué se traerán esas dos? what are those two up to?

    traer verbo transitivo
    1 to bring
    2 (causar, producir) to cause: me trae recuerdos, it brings back old memories
    te traerá suerte, it'll bring you good luck
    3 (poner en una situación) este problema me trae loca, this problem is driving me mad
    4 (tener) traigo un dolor de cabeza horroroso, I have a terrible headache
    (llevar puesto) to wear
    5 (una publicación) trae unas fotos muy buenas, it has some very good photos
    trae un suplemento, it comes with a supplement
    ♦ Locuciones: me trae al fresco/pairo, I couldn't care less
    me trae sin cuidado, I couldn't care less
    ' traer' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    aparejada
    - aparejado
    - buscar
    - cabeza
    - calle
    - cola
    - colación
    - consecuencia
    - cuenta
    - devenir
    - jaque
    - loca
    - loco
    - toda
    - todo
    - atraer
    - bajar
    - derivar
    - entrar
    - mundo
    - recordar
    - subir
    - suerte
    - traiga
    - trajera
    - trajimos
    - trajiste
    - trayendo
    English:
    bring
    - bring along
    - bring back
    - bring down
    - call
    - cast back
    - fetch
    - fetch in
    - get
    - jinx
    - result
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [llevar de un lugar a otro] to bring;
    no traigan diccionario al examen don't bring a dictionary into the exam;
    trae a tus amigos bring your friends (along);
    voy a traer los libros a casa I'm going to take the books home;
    me trajo un recuerdo de París she brought me a souvenir (back) from Paris;
    tráiganos otra botella de vino, por favor could we have o could you bring us another bottle of wine, please?;
    nos trajeron del aeropuerto al hotel en coche they took us from the airport to the hotel by car, they drove us from the airport to the hotel;
    el buen tiempo trajo muchos turistas este año the good weather brought a lot of tourists (with it) this year;
    ¿qué te trae por aquí/por Bogotá? what brings you here/to Bogotá?
    2. [llevar encima, consigo] to carry;
    traía una pistola he was carrying a gun, he had a gun on him;
    ¿qué traes ahí? what have you got there?;
    traigo un cansancio enorme I'm extremely tired
    3. [llevar puesto] to wear;
    traía un traje nuevo he was wearing a new suit
    4. [contener] to have;
    trae un artículo interesante it has an interesting article in it;
    ¿qué trae ese sobre? what's in that envelope?
    5. [provocar] [ruina, pobreza, enfermedades] to bring;
    [consecuencias] to carry, to have; [cambios] to bring about;
    esto trajo muchos problemas this caused a lot of problems;
    me trajo suerte it brought me luck;
    aquella decisión trajo como consecuencia la caída de la monarquía that decision led to the fall of the monarchy;
    traerá consigo una bajada de precios it will lead to o mean a drop in prices
    6. Fam Informát to download
    7. Fam [en un estado determinado]
    este tipo me trae frito/loco that guy is being such a pain/is driving me up the wall
    ♦ vi
    ¡trae! bring o give it here!;
    ¡trae!, yo te lo arreglo bring it here! I'll fix it for you
    * * *
    <part traido> v/t
    1 bring;
    ¿qué te trae por aquí? what brings you here?
    :
    traer consigo involve, entail
    3
    :
    traer a alguien de cabeza be driving s.o. mad;
    traer loco a alguien drive s.o. crazy
    4
    :
    este periódico la trae en portada this newspaper carries it on the front page
    * * *
    traer {81} vt
    1) : to bring
    trae una ensalada: bring a salad
    2) causar: to cause, to bring about
    el problema puede traer graves consecuencias: the problem could have serious consequences
    3) : to carry, to have
    todos los periódicos traían las mismas noticias: all of the newspapers carried the same news
    4) llevar: to wear
    * * *
    traer vb
    1. (en general) to bring [pt. & pp. brought]
    ¿me traes ese libro? can you bring me that book?
    2. (contener) to have / to contain
    3. (ocasionar) to cause
    me trae sin cuidado I don't care / I'm not bothered

    Spanish-English dictionary > traer

  • 5 dabei

    Adv.
    1. with it; (nahe) near-by, close by; ein Haus mit Garten dabei a house with a garden; dabei sein (anwesend sein) be there; (teilnehmen) take part (in it); (mit ansehen) see it; darf ich dabei sein? can I come too?; (teilnehmen) can I join in?; ich bin dabei! (you can) count me in!, I’m game!; er muss immer dabei sein he’s got to be in on everything; ist ein Brief für mich dabei? is there a letter for me there?; es war ziemlich viel Glück dabei I was etc. pretty lucky there; ein bisschen Risiko ist immer dabei there’s always an element of risk
    2. (im Begriff): dabei, etw. zu tun just doing s.th., in the middle of doing s.th.; (kurz davor) about ( oder going) to do s.th., on the point of doing s.th.; ich war gerade dabei zu packen I was just packing; tu das endlich! - ja, ja, ich bin ja schon dabei! umg. alright, alright, I’m doing it!
    3. (gleichzeitig) at the same time, while doing so; sie strickt und liest dabei she knits and reads at the same time; er aß und sah mich dabei fragend an while he ate, he gave me a questioning look
    4. (überdies) besides, what is more; sie ist hübsch und dabei auch noch klug auch she’s attractive and intelligent into the bargain (Am. intelligent to boot)
    5. (dennoch) nevertheless, yet, for all that, at the same time; und dabei ist er doch schon alt and he’s an old man, after all; er ist streng und dabei sehr fair he’s strict but very fair
    6. (obwohl) although, even though; er schenkte es mir, dabei hatte ich es gar nicht verlangt he gave it to me although I hadn’t even asked for it; jetzt schreibt sie immer noch, dabei könnte sie schon längst fertig sein she’s still writing, even though she could have been finished ages ago; dabei hätten wir gewinnen können to think we could have won; dabei macht man sich gar keinen Begriff, wie schwierig es ist but people have no idea how hard it is; sie suchte danach, dabei hatte er ihn in der Hand she was looking for it and he had it in his hand all the time
    7. (bei dieser Gelegenheit) on the occasion, then; (während) while, in the process; (dadurch) as a result; jemanden dabei ertappen oder erwischen, wie er... catch s.o. red-handed as he...; dabei kam es zu einer heftigen Auseinandersetzung this gave rise to ( oder resulted in) a heated argument; dabei fällt mir ein:... talking of which:...; alle dabei entstehenden Kosten all resulting costs; man könnte verrückt werden dabei it’s enough to drive you mad
    8. (bei dieser Handlung, Angelegenheit) about it; das Schwierige dabei ist,... the difficult thing about it is...; es kommt nichts dabei heraus umg. it’s no use, it’s not worth it; dabei dürfen wir nicht vergessen here we must not forget; mir ist gar nicht wohl dabei I don’t feel too good about it; ich dachte mir nichts Böses dabei I meant no harm; ich dachte mir nichts dabei (zu + Inf.) I thought nothing of it (of + Ger.); (bei einer Bemerkung) I didn’t mean anything by it; was hast du dir eigentlich dabei gedacht? what on earth made you do ( oder say etc.) that?; weitS. whatever possessed you?; ich finde nichts dabei I don’t see any harm in it; was ist schon dabei? umg. so what?; was ist schon dabei, wenn...? what difference does it make if...?, what harm does it do if...?; da ist doch nichts dabei umg. (ist nicht schwer) that’s child’s play, there’s nothing to it; (ist nicht bedenklich) it’s nothing to worry about; (schadet nichts) it can’t do any harm; (ist nicht gefährlich) it’s perfectly safe
    9. abschließend: ich bleibe dabei I’m not changing my mind; und ich bleibe dabei, in X ist es am schönsten I’m still convinced X is the most beautiful place in the world; du kommst mit, und dabei bleibt’s umg. you’re coming with us, and that’s that; dabei blieb’s umg. (and) that was the end of that; lassen wir es dabei let’s leave it at that
    * * *
    by; thereby; with it
    * * *
    da|bei [da'bai] (emph) ['daːbai]
    adv
    1) (örtlich) with it; (bei Gruppe von Menschen, Dingen) there

    ein Häuschen mit einem Garten dabéí — a little house with a garden (attached to it or attached)

    ist die Lösung dabéí? — is the solution given (there)?

    nahe dabéí — nearby

    2) (zeitlich) (= gleichzeitig) at the same time; (= währenddessen, wodurch) in the course of this

    er aß weiter und blätterte dabéí in dem Buch — he went on eating, leafing through the book as he did so or at the same time

    warum arbeiten Sie im Stehen? Sie können doch auch dabéí sitzen — why are you working standing up? you can sit down while you're doing it

    dabéí wurden drei Kinder verletzt —

    ... orkanartige Winde dabéí kam es zu schweren Schäden —... gale-force winds, which have resulted in serious damage

    3) (= außerdem) as well, into the bargain (inf), with it (inf)

    sie ist schön und dabéí auch noch klug — she's pretty, and clever as well

    4) (wenn, während man etw tut) in the process; ertappen, erwischen at it

    er wollte helfen und wurde dabéí selbst verletzt — he wanted to help and got injured in the process or (in) doing so or while he was about it (inf)

    du warst bei einem Jugendtreffen? hast du denn dabéí etwas gelernt? — you were at a youth meeting? did you learn anything there or from it?

    dabéí darf man nicht vergessen, dass... — it shouldn't be forgotten that...; (Einschränkung eines Arguments) it should not be forgotten here that...

    die dabéí entstehenden Kosten — the expenses arising from this/that

    als er das tat, hat er dabéí... — when he did that he...

    wenn man das tut, muss man dabéí... — when you do that you have to...

    wir haben ihn dabéí ertappt, wie er über den Zaun stieg — we caught him in the act of climbing over the fence

    5)

    (= in dieser Angelegenheit) das Schwierigste dabéí — the most difficult part of it

    wichtig dabéí ist... — the important thing here or about it is...

    mir ist nicht ganz wohl dabéí — I don't really feel happy about it

    dabéí kann man viel Geld verdienen — there's a lot of money in that

    er hat dabéí einen Fehler gemacht — he's made a mistake

    sie hat sich dabéí sehr dumm benommen — she behaved very stupidly

    es kommt doch nichts dabéí heraus — nothing will come of it

    6) (einräumend = doch) (and) yet

    er hat mich geschlagen, dabéí hatte ich gar nichts gemacht — he hit me and I hadn't even done anything or and yet I hadn't done anything

    ich habe fünf Stück gegessen, dabéí hatte ich gar keinen Hunger — I've eaten five pieces, and I wasn't even hungry

    7)

    du gehst sofort nach Hause, und dabéí bleibt es! — you're going straight home and that's that or that's the end of it!

    es bleibt dabéí, dass ihr morgen alle mitkommt — we'll stick to that or keep it like that, you're all coming tomorrow

    ich bleibe dabéí — I'm not changing my mind

    er bleibt dabéí, dass er es nicht gewesen ist — he still insists that he didn't do it, he's still sticking to his guns that he didn't do it

    aber dabéí sollte es nicht bleiben — but it shouldn't stop there or at that

    lassen wir es dabéí — let's leave it at that!

    was ist schon dabéí? — so what? (inf), what of it? (inf)

    was ist schon dabéí, wenn man das tut? — what harm is there in doing that?

    ich finde gar nichts dabéí — I don't see any harm in it

    nimm meine Bemerkung nicht so ernst, ich habe mir nichts dabéí gedacht — don't take my remark so seriously, I didn't mean anything by it

    ich habe mir nichts dabéí gedacht, als ich den Mann aus der Bank kommen sah — I didn't think anything of it when I saw the man coming out of the bank

    was hast du dir denn dabéí gedacht? — what were you thinking of?

    dabéí kann er sich nicht viel gedacht haben — he can't have thought about it much

    * * *
    (near: They stood by and watched.) by
    * * *
    da·bei
    [daˈbai]
    1. (dazugehörend) with it
    ein kleines Häuschen mit einem Garten \dabei a little house with a garden
    [bei etw dat] \dabei sein to be included [in sth]; (als Anlage) to be enclosed [in sth]
    die Rechnung war nicht \dabei the bill was not enclosed
    war bei dem Muster ein Brief \dabei? did the sample come with a letter?
    ist der Salat bei dem Gericht \dabei? is the salad included in the meal?
    ist bei dem Gericht ein Salat \dabei? does the meal come with a salad?, is there a salad with the meal?
    direkt/nahe \dabei right next/near to it
    3. (anwesend, beteiligt) there
    [bei etw dat] \dabei sein to be there [at sth]; (mitmachen) to take part [in sth]
    er war bei dem Treffen \dabei he was there at the meeting
    ich bin \dabei! count me in!
    sie kennt sich im Betrieb noch nicht so gut aus, sie ist erst seit einem Monat \dabei she is not familiar with the company yet, she's only been working there for a month
    4. (im Verlauf davon) during [or in the course of] which; (als Folge davon) as a result
    es kam zu einem Massenandrang, \dabei wurden viele Menschen verletzt there was a crush, in the course of which many people were injured
    es goss in Strömen, \dabei kam es zu zahlreichen Unfällen it was pouring down with rain, which resulted in a lot of accidents
    5. (bei dieser Verrichtung) in doing so; (währenddessen) while doing so
    Arbeit am Computer? aber \dabei muss man doch immer so viel tippen! working on the computer? but that involves so much typing!
    er half den Opfern und wurde \dabei selbst verletzt he helped the victims and in doing so got injured himself
    wir haben ihn \dabei ertappt, wie er über den Zaun stieg we caught him [while he was] climbing over the fence
    jdm \dabei helfen, etw zu tun to help sb doing sth
    6. (daraus resultierend) as a result
    die \dabei entstehenden Kosten sind sehr hoch the resulting costs are very high
    7. (gleichzeitig) at the same time; einräumend (doch) but; (außerdem)
    und \dabei auch noch and what's more, besides
    sie ist schön und \dabei auch noch intelligent she is beautiful and what's more [or besides] clever [or BRIT and clever to boot]
    sie las und hörte \dabei Radio she was reading and listening to the radio at the same time
    sie ist flink, \dabei aber [auch] sehr umsichtig she's quick but very cautious
    8. (und das obwohl) even though
    er hat die Prüfung nicht bestanden, \dabei hat er so fleißig gelernt he failed the exam, although he had studied so hard
    9. (damit beschäftigt)
    [gerade] \dabei sein, etw zu tun to be [just] doing sth
    10. (an dieser Sache)
    das Dumme/Schöne \dabei ist, dass... the stupid/good thing about it is that...
    interessant/wichtig \dabei ist, dass/ob/wie... the interesting/important thing about it is that/whether/how...
    11. (bei dieser Sache) by it; (damit) through it
    das Geschäft ist riskant, \dabei kann man aber reich werden it's a risky business but it can make you rich
    nimm meine Bemerkung nicht so ernst, ich habe mir nichts \dabei gedacht don't take my remark so seriously, I didn't mean anything by it
    was hast du dir denn \dabei gedacht? what were you thinking of?
    ich habe kein gutes Gefühl \dabei I don't feel happy about it
    nichts \dabei finden, etw zu tun/wenn jd etw tut to not see the harm in doing sth/in sb doing sth
    12. (fam: auszusetzen, problematisch)
    es ist nichts \dabei, wenn man/jd etw tut there is no harm in one/sb doing sth
    da ist [doch] nichts \dabei (nicht schwierig) there's nothing to it; (nicht schlimm) there's no harm in it
    was ist schon \dabei? so what?
    13. (wie gesagt) s. belassen 1, bleiben 8, lassen I. 6
    * * *
    1) with it/him/her/them

    eine Tankstelle mit einer Werkstatt dabei — a filling station with its own workshop [attached]

    nahe dabei — near it; close by

    dabei sein — (anwesend sein) be there; be present ( bei at); (teilnehmen) take part ( bei in)

    2) (währenddessen) at the same time; (bei diesem Anlass) then; on that occasion

    er ist dabei gesehen worden, wie er das Geld nahm — he was seen [in the act of] taking the money

    ein Unfall - dabei gab es zwei Tote — an accident - two people were killed [in it]

    er suchte nach dem Brief, dabei hatte er ihn in der Hand — he was looking for the letter and all the time he had it in his hand

    [gerade] dabei sein, etwas zu tun — be just doing something

    dabei [auch] — what is more

    er ist sehr beschäftigt, aber dabei (dennoch) immer freundlich — he is very busy but even so always friendly

    4) (hinsichtlich dessen)

    was hast du dir denn dabei gedacht? — what were you thinking of?; what came over you?

    5)

    da ist doch nichts dabei! — there's really no harm in it!; (es ist nicht schwierig) there's nothing to it!; s. auch bleiben 1)

    * * *
    dabei adv
    1. with it; (nahe) near-by, close by;
    ein Haus mit Garten dabei a house with a garden;
    dabei sein (anwesend sein) be there; (teilnehmen) take part (in it); (mit ansehen) see it;
    darf ich dabei sein? can I come too?; (teilnehmen) can I join in?;
    ich bin dabei! (you can) count me in!, I’m game!;
    er muss immer dabei sein he’s got to be in on everything;
    ist ein Brief für mich dabei? is there a letter for me there?;
    es war ziemlich viel Glück dabei I was etc pretty lucky there;
    ein bisschen Risiko ist immer dabei there’s always an element of risk
    2. (im Begriff):
    dabei, etwas zu tun just doing sth, in the middle of doing sth; (kurz davor) about ( oder going) to do sth, on the point of doing sth;
    ich war gerade dabei zu packen I was just packing;
    tu das endlich! -
    ja, ja, ich bin ja schon dabei! umg alright, alright, I’m doing it!
    3. (gleichzeitig) at the same time, while doing so;
    sie strickt und liest dabei she knits and reads at the same time;
    er aß und sah mich dabei fragend an while he ate, he gave me a questioning look
    4. (überdies) besides, what is more;
    sie ist hübsch und dabei auch noch klug auch she’s attractive and intelligent into the bargain (US intelligent to boot)
    5. (dennoch) nevertheless, yet, for all that, at the same time;
    und dabei ist er doch schon alt and he’s an old man, after all;
    er ist streng und dabei sehr fair he’s strict but very fair
    6. (obwohl) although, even though;
    er schenkte es mir, dabei hatte ich es gar nicht verlangt he gave it to me although I hadn’t even asked for it;
    jetzt schreibt sie immer noch, dabei könnte sie schon längst fertig sein she’s still writing, even though she could have been finished ages ago;
    dabei hätten wir gewinnen können to think we could have won;
    dabei macht man sich gar keinen Begriff, wie schwierig es ist but people have no idea how hard it is;
    sie suchte danach, dabei hatte er ihn in der Hand she was looking for it and he had it in his hand all the time
    7. (bei dieser Gelegenheit) on the occasion, then; (während) while, in the process; (dadurch) as a result;
    erwischen, wie er … catch sb red-handed as he …;
    dabei kam es zu einer heftigen Auseinandersetzung this gave rise to ( oder resulted in) a heated argument;
    dabei fällt mir ein: … talking of which: …;
    alle dabei entstehenden Kosten all resulting costs;
    man könnte verrückt werden dabei it’s enough to drive you mad
    8. (bei dieser Handlung, Angelegenheit) about it;
    das Schwierige dabei ist, … the difficult thing about it is …;
    es kommt nichts dabei heraus umg it’s no use, it’s not worth it;
    dabei dürfen wir nicht vergessen here we must not forget;
    mir ist gar nicht wohl dabei I don’t feel too good about it;
    zu +inf) I thought nothing of it (of +ger); (bei einer Bemerkung) I didn’t mean anything by it;
    was hast du dir eigentlich dabei gedacht? what on earth made you do ( oder say etc) that?; weitS. whatever possessed you?;
    ich finde nichts dabei I don’t see any harm in it;
    was ist schon dabei? umg so what?;
    was ist schon dabei, wenn …? what difference does it make if …?, what harm does it do if …?;
    da ist doch nichts dabei umg (ist nicht schwer) that’s child’s play, there’s nothing to it; (ist nicht bedenklich) it’s nothing to worry about; (schadet nichts) it can’t do any harm; (ist nicht gefährlich) it’s perfectly safe
    ich bleibe dabei I’m not changing my mind;
    und ich bleibe dabei, in X ist es am schönsten I’m still convinced X is the most beautiful place in the world;
    du kommst mit, und dabei bleibt’s umg you’re coming with us, and that’s that;
    dabei blieb’s umg (and) that was the end of that;
    lassen wir es dabei let’s leave it at that
    * * *
    1) with it/him/her/them

    eine Tankstelle mit einer Werkstatt dabei — a filling station with its own workshop [attached]

    nahe dabei — near it; close by

    dabei sein — (anwesend sein) be there; be present ( bei at); (teilnehmen) take part ( bei in)

    2) (währenddessen) at the same time; (bei diesem Anlass) then; on that occasion

    er ist dabei gesehen worden, wie er das Geld nahm — he was seen [in the act of] taking the money

    ein Unfall - dabei gab es zwei Tote — an accident - two people were killed [in it]

    er suchte nach dem Brief, dabei hatte er ihn in der Hand — he was looking for the letter and all the time he had it in his hand

    [gerade] dabei sein, etwas zu tun — be just doing something

    dabei [auch] — what is more

    er ist sehr beschäftigt, aber dabei (dennoch) immer freundlich — he is very busy but even so always friendly

    was hast du dir denn dabei gedacht? — what were you thinking of?; what came over you?

    5)

    da ist doch nichts dabei! — there's really no harm in it!; (es ist nicht schwierig) there's nothing to it!; s. auch bleiben 1)

    * * *
    adv.
    thereby adv.
    withal adv. präp.
    near by prep.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > dabei

  • 6 resultar

    v.
    1 to (turn out to) be.
    ¿cómo resultó? how did it turn out?
    resultó un éxito it was a success
    resultar herido/muerto to be injured/killed
    resultó ileso he was uninjured
    nuestro equipo resultó vencedor our team came out on top
    2 to be.
    resulta sorprendente it's surprising
    resultar útil to be useful
    me resultó imposible terminar antes I was unable to finish earlier
    me resulta muy simpática I find her very nice
    este tema me está resultando ya aburrido this topic is beginning to bore me
    resultó ser mentira it turned out to be a lie
    3 to work out, to come about, to come true, to turn out.
    El plan resultó The plan worked out.
    4 to turn out to be, to go off.
    Me resultó buena la computadora My computer turned out to be good.
    5 to prove to be, to prove.
    La obra resultó mala The play proved to be bad.
    6 to get.
    Ella resulta lastimada She gets injured.
    7 to happen to, to prove to, to come out to, to come to.
    Resultó ser un carro muy bueno It turned out to be a very good car.
    8 to give results, to work out well, to result, to work out fine.
    9 to work out for, to come out for, to come out to be for.
    Me resultó muy bien esta computadora This computer worked out well for me.
    * * *
    1 (gen) to result, be the result of
    2 (ser) to be
    3 (acabar siendo) to turn out to be
    4 (salir) to come out, turn out, work out
    5 (ocurrir) to turn out
    6 (ser conveniente) to be advisable
    7 (tener éxito) to be a success, come off
    8 (combinarse) to go ( con, with), match ( con, -)
    9 (costar) to cost ( por, -), come ( por, to)
    \
    resulta que it turns out that
    viene a resultar lo mismo it amounts to the same thing
    * * *
    verb
    3) work
    * * *
    VI
    1) (=tener como resultado)
    a) + adj, sustantivo to be

    la operación resultó un fracaso — the operation was a failure, the operation resulted in failure frm

    b) + infin

    resultó no saber nada de aquel asunto — he turned out to know nothing about that matter, it turned out that he knew nothing about that matter

    si resulta ser verdadero — if it proves (to be) true, if it turns out to be true

    c)

    ahora resulta que no vamos — now it turns out o now it seems (that) we're not going after all

    dijeron que lo había hecho él solo, cuando resulta que tenía varios cómplices — he was said to have done it on his own, when it turns out that he had several accomplices

    al final resultó que era inocente — he proved o he turned out to be innocent in the end, in the end it turned out that he was innocent

    me gustaría ir, pero resulta que no tengo dinero — I'd like to go, but the thing is o the fact is that I haven't got any money

    2) (=salir) to turn out, work out
    3) frm (=ser) + adj
    a) [uso impersonal]

    resulta difícil decidir si... — it is hard to decide whether...

    su versión resulta difícil de creer — his story is hard to believe, it's hard to believe his story

    b) [con complemento de persona]
    4) frm

    resultar de — to be the result of, result from

    ¿quién sabe lo que resultará de todo esto? — who knows what will come of all this?, who knows what the outcome of all this will be?

    5) frm

    resultar en — to result in, lead to

    6) Esp
    * (=agradar)

    tu prima no es una belleza, pero resulta — your cousin is no beauty, but she's got something (about her)

    * * *
    verbo intransitivo
    1) ( dar resultado) to work

    su idea no resultó — his idea didn't work (out); (+ me/te/le etc)

    2) (+ compl)
    a)

    resultar + ADJ: resulta más barato así it works out cheaper this way; resultó más cara it proved o turned out to be more expensive; resultaron muertas dos personas (period) two people were killed; resultó tal como lo planeamos it turned out o worked out just as we planned; (+ me/te/le etc) me resulta simpático I think he's very nice; la película me resultó aburrida — I found the movie boring

    b)

    resultar + inf — to turn out + inf

    resultó ser un malentendido — it turned out to be o proved to be a misunderstanding

    3) (en 3a pers)
    4) ( derivar)

    resultar EN algo — to result in something, lead to something

    ¿qué va a resultar de todo esto? — what will come of all this?

    * * *
    = ensue, transpire, come off as, turn out.
    Ex. Often this will be the type of search that ensues when a user has retrieved an interesting reference.
    Ex. The 2nd is the fact that most information seeking transpires with little help from librarians, who have consistently failed to establish themselves as primary information professionals.
    Ex. I love the content of this discussion, and hope that my comments don't come off as negative.
    Ex. It may be no use crying over spilt milk but had the original constitution been more people-driven, perhaps things could have turned out different.
    ----
    * al final resultó que = in the event.
    * cambiar tanto que resulta irreconocible = change + beyond (all) recognition.
    * de forma que resulta más fácil de entender = in digestible form.
    * no resultar fácil = not be easy.
    * que resulta irreconocible = out of all recognition.
    * resulta que = as it turns out.
    * resultar adecuado = prove + suitable.
    * resultar atractivo = prove + attractive.
    * resultar caro = prove + expensive, prove + costly.
    * resultar cómodo = be easy.
    * resultar confuso = prove + confusing.
    * resultar difícil = find + problems.
    * resultar difícil de conseguir = prove + elusive.
    * resultar divertido = tickle + Posesivo + fancy.
    * resultar (en) = lead to, result (in).
    * resultar en empate = result in + a draw.
    * resultar extraño = be unfamiliar with.
    * resultar fácil = be easy.
    * resultar fallido = nothing + come of.
    * resultar falso = prove + false.
    * resultar ideal = prove + ideal.
    * resultar imposible = prove + impossible.
    * resultar inadecuado = prove + inadequate.
    * resultar inapreciable = prove + invaluable.
    * resultar indescriptible = beggar + description.
    * resultar intratable por = prove + inhospitable to.
    * resultar negativo = not stand the test of.
    * resultar peligroso = pose + danger.
    * resultar pertinente = prove + relevant.
    * resultar poco fructífero = prove + unfruitful.
    * resultar que + Indicativo = happen to + Infinitivo, turn out that, chance to + Infinitivo.
    * resultar satisfactorio = prove + satisfactory.
    * resultar ser = prove + to be, turn out to be, happen + to be.
    * resultar ser demoledor = prove + crushing.
    * resultar ser ficticio = prove + illusory.
    * resultar ser necesario = prove + necessary.
    * resultar ser un éxito = prove + to be a success.
    * resultar útil = prove + fruitful, hold + Nombre + in good stead, stand + Nombre + in good stead.
    * resultar valioso = prove + valuable.
    * resulta (ser) que = it turns out that.
    * resultó que = as it turned out.
    * * *
    verbo intransitivo
    1) ( dar resultado) to work

    su idea no resultó — his idea didn't work (out); (+ me/te/le etc)

    2) (+ compl)
    a)

    resultar + ADJ: resulta más barato así it works out cheaper this way; resultó más cara it proved o turned out to be more expensive; resultaron muertas dos personas (period) two people were killed; resultó tal como lo planeamos it turned out o worked out just as we planned; (+ me/te/le etc) me resulta simpático I think he's very nice; la película me resultó aburrida — I found the movie boring

    b)

    resultar + inf — to turn out + inf

    resultó ser un malentendido — it turned out to be o proved to be a misunderstanding

    3) (en 3a pers)
    4) ( derivar)

    resultar EN algo — to result in something, lead to something

    ¿qué va a resultar de todo esto? — what will come of all this?

    * * *
    = ensue, transpire, come off as, turn out.

    Ex: Often this will be the type of search that ensues when a user has retrieved an interesting reference.

    Ex: The 2nd is the fact that most information seeking transpires with little help from librarians, who have consistently failed to establish themselves as primary information professionals.
    Ex: I love the content of this discussion, and hope that my comments don't come off as negative.
    Ex: It may be no use crying over spilt milk but had the original constitution been more people-driven, perhaps things could have turned out different.
    * al final resultó que = in the event.
    * cambiar tanto que resulta irreconocible = change + beyond (all) recognition.
    * de forma que resulta más fácil de entender = in digestible form.
    * no resultar fácil = not be easy.
    * que resulta irreconocible = out of all recognition.
    * resulta que = as it turns out.
    * resultar adecuado = prove + suitable.
    * resultar atractivo = prove + attractive.
    * resultar caro = prove + expensive, prove + costly.
    * resultar cómodo = be easy.
    * resultar confuso = prove + confusing.
    * resultar difícil = find + problems.
    * resultar difícil de conseguir = prove + elusive.
    * resultar divertido = tickle + Posesivo + fancy.
    * resultar (en) = lead to, result (in).
    * resultar en empate = result in + a draw.
    * resultar extraño = be unfamiliar with.
    * resultar fácil = be easy.
    * resultar fallido = nothing + come of.
    * resultar falso = prove + false.
    * resultar ideal = prove + ideal.
    * resultar imposible = prove + impossible.
    * resultar inadecuado = prove + inadequate.
    * resultar inapreciable = prove + invaluable.
    * resultar indescriptible = beggar + description.
    * resultar intratable por = prove + inhospitable to.
    * resultar negativo = not stand the test of.
    * resultar peligroso = pose + danger.
    * resultar pertinente = prove + relevant.
    * resultar poco fructífero = prove + unfruitful.
    * resultar que + Indicativo = happen to + Infinitivo, turn out that, chance to + Infinitivo.
    * resultar satisfactorio = prove + satisfactory.
    * resultar ser = prove + to be, turn out to be, happen + to be.
    * resultar ser demoledor = prove + crushing.
    * resultar ser ficticio = prove + illusory.
    * resultar ser necesario = prove + necessary.
    * resultar ser un éxito = prove + to be a success.
    * resultar útil = prove + fruitful, hold + Nombre + in good stead, stand + Nombre + in good stead.
    * resultar valioso = prove + valuable.
    * resulta (ser) que = it turns out that.
    * resultó que = as it turned out.

    * * *
    resultar [A1 ]
    vi
    A (dar resultado) to work
    inténtalo, tal vez resulte give it a go, it might work
    su idea no resultó his idea didn't work (out)
    traté de convencerlo pero no resultó I tried to persuade him but it didn't work o but it was no good
    (+ me/te/le etc): no creo que te resulte I don't think it will work, I don't think you'll have any luck ( colloq)
    B (+ compl)
    1 resultar + ADJ:
    leérselo todo en un día resulta muy pesado it is very boring to have to read it all in one day
    comprándolo al por mayor resulta más barato it works out cheaper if you buy it wholesale
    la casa resultó más cara de lo que pensábamos the house proved o turned out to be more expensive than we had thought
    en el accidente resultaron muertas/heridas dos personas ( period); two people were killed/injured in the accident
    resultó tal como lo habíamos planeado it turned out o worked out just as we had planned
    (+ me/te/le etc): ese chico me resulta simpático I think that boy's very nice
    la película me resultó aburridísima I found the movie extremely boring
    la casa nos resulta demasiado grande ahora que los niños no están the house is too big for us now the children have left home
    2 resultar + INF:
    todo el problema resultó ser un malentendido the whole thing turned out to be o proved to be a misunderstanding
    al final resultó ser cierto in the end it turned out to be true
    resultó tener una hermana en la misma escuela he turned out to have a sister at the same school
    ahora resulta que tengo yo la culpa so now it's my fault, so now it seems it's all my fault
    fui a la tienda y resulta que estaba cerrada I went to the shop but it was closed
    y resulta que la llamo y se había olvidado and so I called her, and (it turned out) she'd forgotten all about it
    D (derivar) resultar EN algo to result IN sth, lead TO sth
    un incidente que resultó en una crisis internacional an incident which led to o resulted in an international crisis
    resultar DE algo to be the result OF sth
    no sé lo que va a resultar de todo esto I don't know what will come of all this, I don't know what the result o outcome of all this will be
    * * *

     

    resultar ( conjugate resultar) verbo intransitivo
    1 ( dar resultado) to work;

    2 (+ compl):

    me resulta simpático I think he's very nice;
    resultó ser un malentendido it turned out to be o proved to be a misunderstanding;
    resultó tal como lo planeamos it turned out o worked out just as we planned
    3 (en 3a pers):

    4 ( derivar) resultar EN algo to result in sth, lead to sth
    resultar verbo intransitivo
    1 (originarse, ser consecuencia) to result, come: de aquel encuentro resultó una larga amistad, that meeting resulted in a lasting friendship
    2 (ser, mostrarse) to turn out, work out: no resulta demasiado halagüeño, it isn't very flattering
    me resulta más cómodo, it's more convenient for me
    resultó ser su mujer, she turned out to be his wife
    3 (tener éxito, funcionar) to be successful: tu consejo no resultó, your advice didn't work
    4 fam (suceder) resulta que..., the thing is...: y ahora resulta que no quieres hacerlo, and now it turns out that you don't want to do it
    ' resultar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    redundar
    - salir
    - costar
    - dar
    - hacer
    - según
    - sonar
    English:
    annoyance
    - bother
    - come out
    - emerge
    - ensue
    - handy
    - painful
    - prove
    - result
    - transpire
    - turn out
    - work out
    - agree
    - get
    - hold
    - pay
    - show
    - unhurt
    - work
    * * *
    ♦ vi
    1. [salir] to (turn out to) be;
    ¿cómo resultó? how did it turn out?;
    resultó un éxito it was a success;
    el viaje resultó ser una maravilla the journey was wonderful;
    toda la confusión resultó ser un malentendido all the confusion turned out to be because of a misunderstanding;
    resultar en [dar como resultado] to result in;
    resultar herido/muerto to be injured/killed;
    resultó ileso he was uninjured;
    nuestro equipo resultó vencedor our team came out on top;
    su idea no resultó his idea didn't work;
    intentaré convencerle, pero no creo que resulte I'll try to talk him round, but I don't think it will work
    2. [originarse]
    resultar de to come of, to result from;
    de aquella reunión no resultó nada nothing came of that meeting
    3. [ser] to be;
    esta oficina resulta demasiado pequeña para tanta gente this office is too small for so many people;
    resulta sorprendente it's surprising;
    me resultó imposible terminar antes I was unable to finish earlier;
    me resulta muy simpática I find her very nice;
    este tema me está resultando ya aburrido this topic is beginning to bore me;
    resulta mejor comprar a granel it's better to buy in bulk;
    resultar útil to be useful;
    resultó ser mentira it turned out to be a lie
    ♦ v impersonal
    [suceder]
    resultó que era un impostor he turned out to be an impostor;
    ahora resulta que no quiere alquilarlo now it seems that she doesn't want to rent it;
    al final resultó que tenía razón in the end it turned out that she was right;
    ahora va a resultar que la culpa es mía so now it's suddenly all going to be my fault;
    resulta que su marido ha tenido un accidente it seems her husband has had an accident
    * * *
    v/i turn out;
    resultar caro prove expensive, turn out to be expensive;
    resultar muerto die, be killed;
    resulta que … it turns out that …
    * * *
    1) : to work, to work out
    mi idea no resultó: my idea didn't work out
    2) : to prove, to turn out to be
    resultó bien simpático: he turned out to be very nice
    3)
    resultar en : to lead to, to result in
    4)
    resultar de : to be the result of
    * * *
    1. (descubrirse) to turn out
    2. (ser, quedar) to be

    Spanish-English dictionary > resultar

  • 7 result

    1. noun
    1) (anything which is due to something already done: His deafness is the result of a car accident; He went deaf as a result of an accident; He tried a new method, with excellent results; He tried again, but without result.) resultado
    2) (the answer to a sum etc: Add all these figures and tell me the result.) resultado
    3) (the final score: What was the result of Saturday's match?) resultado
    4) ((often in plural) the list of people who have been successful in a competition, of subjects a person has passed or failed in an examination etc: He had very good exam results; The results will be published next week.) resultado

    2. verb
    1) ((often with from) to be caused (by something): We will pay for any damage which results (from our experiments).) resultar, surgir
    2) ((with in) to cause or have as a result: The match resulted in a draw.) acabar en
    result n resultado
    what was the result of the match? ¿cuál fue el resultado del partido?
    tr[rɪ'zʌlt]
    1 resultado
    2 (consequence) consecuencia
    1 resultar de
    result [ri'zʌlt] vi
    : resultar
    to result in: resultar en, tener por resultado
    : resultado m, consecuencia f
    as a result of: como consecuencia de
    n.
    • fruta s.f.
    • fruto s.m.
    • hijo s.m.
    • resulta s.f.
    • resultado s.m.
    • secuela s.f.
    • suceso s.m.
    • trascendencia s.f.
    v.
    • resultar v.
    • salir v.
    (§pres: salgo, sales...) fut/c: saldr-•)

    I rɪ'zʌlt
    1) c u
    a) ( consequence) resultado m

    the company collapsed, with the result that... — la compañía quebró, y como consecuencia...

    b) (of calculation, exam, contest) resultado m

    to get results — obtener* resultados

    2)
    a)

    as a result — (as linker) por consiguiente, por ende (frml)

    b)

    as a result of — (as prep) a raíz de


    II

    to result IN/FROM something: it could result in his dismissal podría ocasionar or acarrear su despido; what could result from this decision? — ¿qué resultado podría tener esta decisión?

    [rɪ'zʌlt]
    1. N
    1) (=outcome) resultado m

    he followed his own advice, with disastrous results — hizo lo que le pareció, con consecuencias desastrosas or resultados desastrosos

    as a result of — como or a consecuencia de

    he died as a result of his injuries — murió como or a consecuencia de las heridas

    to achieve/produce the desired result — lograr/producir los resultados deseados

    with the result that... — con la consecuencia de que...

    - get a result
    end
    2) [of election, race, match] resultado m
    3) (Math) resultado f
    4) results
    a) (=favourable outcome) resultados mpl

    to get results: if they don't get results, heads will begin to roll — como no obtengan resultados, empezarán a cortar cabezas

    b) (St Ex) resultados mpl
    2.

    to result in sth: it resulted in his death — le acarreó la muerte, tuvo como resultado su muerte

    * * *

    I [rɪ'zʌlt]
    1) c u
    a) ( consequence) resultado m

    the company collapsed, with the result that... — la compañía quebró, y como consecuencia...

    b) (of calculation, exam, contest) resultado m

    to get results — obtener* resultados

    2)
    a)

    as a result — (as linker) por consiguiente, por ende (frml)

    b)

    as a result of — (as prep) a raíz de


    II

    to result IN/FROM something: it could result in his dismissal podría ocasionar or acarrear su despido; what could result from this decision? — ¿qué resultado podría tener esta decisión?

    English-spanish dictionary > result

  • 8 Cognitive Psychology

       The basic reason for studying cognitive processes has become as clear as the reason for studying anything else: because they are there. Our knowledge of the world must be somehow developed from stimulus input.... Cognitive processes surely exist, so it can hardly be unscientific to study them. (Neisser, 1967, p. 5).
       The task of the cognitive psychologist is a highly inferential one. The cognitive psychologist must proceed from observations of the behavior of humans performing intellectual tasks to conclusions about the abstract mechanisms underlying the behavior. Developing a theory in cognitive psychology is much like developing a model for the working of the engine of a strange new vehicle by driving the vehicle, being unable to open it up to inspect the engine itself....
       It is well understood from the automata theory... that many different mechanisms can generate the same external behavior. (Anderson, 1980, pp. 12, 17)
       [Cognitive psychology does not] deal with whole people but with a very special and bizarre-almost Frankensteinian-preparation, which consists of a brain attached to two eyes, two ears, and two index fingers. This preparation is only to be found inside small, gloomy cubicles, outside which red lights burn to warn ordinary people away.... It does not feel hungry or tired or inquisitive; it does not think extraneous thoughts or try to understand what is going on. It is, in short, a computer, made in the image of the larger electronic organism that sends it stimuli and records its responses. (Claxton, 1980, p. 13)
       4) Cognitive Psychology Has Not Succeeded in Making a Significant Contribution to the Understanding of the Human Mind
       Cognitive psychology is not getting anywhere; that in spite of our sophisticated methodology, we have not succeeded in making a substantial contribution toward the understanding of the human mind.... A short time ago, the information processing approach to cognition was just beginning. Hopes were high that the analysis of information processing into a series of discrete stages would offer profound insights into human cognition. But in only a few short years the vigor of this approach was spent. It was only natural that hopes that had been so high should sink low. (Glass, Holyoak & Santa, 1979, p. ix)
       Cognitive psychology attempts to understand the nature of human intelligence and how people think. (Anderson, 1980, p. 3)
       The past few years have witnessed a noticeable increase in interest in an investigation of the cognitive processes.... It has resulted from a recognition of the complex processes that mediate between the classical "stimuli" and "responses" out of which stimulus-response learning theories hoped to fashion a psychology that would by-pass anything smacking of the "mental." The impeccable peripheralism of such theories could not last. One might do well to have a closer look at these intervening "cognitive maps." (Bruner, Goodnow & Austin, 1956, p. vii)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Cognitive Psychology

  • 9 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 10 paso

    adj.
    dried.
    intj.
    open up, gangway.
    m.
    1 passing.
    el paso del tiempo the passage of time
    con el paso de los años as the years go by
    el Ebro, a su paso por Zaragoza the Ebro, as it flows through Zaragoza
    su paso fugaz por la universidad his brief spell at the university
    abrirse paso entre la multitud to make o force one's way through the crowd
    de paso in passing; (de pasada) while I'm/you're/etc at it (aprovechando)
    paso del ecuador = (celebration marking) halfway stage in a university course
    2 step.
    dar un paso adelante o al frente to step forward, to take a step forward
    3 walk.
    a paso ligero at a brisk pace
    marcar el paso to keep time
    a este paso no acabaremos nunca at this rate we'll never finish
    4 step (etapa, acontecimiento).
    dar los pasos necesarios to take the necessary steps
    paso a paso step by step
    5 crossing (cruce).
    paso de cebra zebra crossing (British), = pedestrian crossing marked with black and white lines
    paso fronterizo border crossing (point)
    paso peatonal o de peatones pedestrian crossing
    7 step in a process, stride, move.
    8 passage, pass, crossing point.
    9 pace, walking pace.
    10 gateway.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: pasar.
    * * *
    1 (movimiento) step, footstep
    ■ ¡no des ni un paso más! don't move another step!
    3 (camino) passage, way
    4 (avance) progress, advance
    5 (trámite) step, move
    6 (de montaña) mountain pass; (de mar) strait
    \
    a cada paso at every turn
    a paso de tortuga at a snail's pace
    abrirse paso to force one's way through
    apretar el paso to hurry
    cerrarle el paso a alguien to block somebody' s way
    dar paso a (hacer posible) to pave the way for 2 (provocar) to give rise to 3 (dejar pasar) to let through, make way for 4 (pasar a) to move on to
    dar sus primeros pasos to start walking
    dar un paso en falso (al andar) to lose one's footing 2 (equivocarse) to make a false move
    estar a un paso/a dos pasos to be very close
    estar de paso to be passing through
    hacer algo de paso to do something as well
    ■ de paso, tráeme tabaco while you're there, get me some cigarettes
    no dar un paso sin... not to do a thing without...
    paso a paso step by step
    salir al paso de alguien to waylay somebody
    salir al paso de algo to forestall something
    seguirle los pasos a alguien to follow somebody close behind 2 figurado to follow in somebody's footsteps
    ceda el paso (señal) give way sign, US yield sign
    paso a nivel level crossing, US grade crossing
    paso de cebra zebra crossing
    paso de peatones pedestrian crossing
    paso elevado flyover
    * * *
    noun m.
    3) pace
    4) way
    * * *
    I
    ADJ dried
    II
    1. SM
    1) (=acción de pasar)

    el presidente, a su paso por nuestra ciudad... — the president, during his visit to our city...

    • ceder el paso — to give way, yield (EEUU)

    ceda el paso — give way, yield (EEUU)

    • dar paso a algo, el invierno dio paso a la primavera — winter gave way to spring

    • de paso, mencionaron el tema solo de paso — they only mentioned the matter in passing

    ¿puedes ir al supermercado, de paso que vas a la farmacia? — could you go to the supermarket on your way to the chemist's?

    • entrar de paso — to drop in

    • estar de paso — to be passing through

    paso del Ecuador — party or trip organized by university students to celebrate the halfway stage in their degree course

    paso franco, paso libre — free passage

    ave
    2) (=camino) way; (Arquit) passage; (Geog) pass; (Náut) strait

    ¡paso! — make way!

    • abrirse paso — to make one's way

    • cerrar el paso — to block the way

    • dejar el paso libre — to leave the way open

    • impedir el paso — to block the way

    paso a desnivel, paso a distinto nivel — (Aut) flyover, overpass (EEUU)

    paso a nivel — level crossing, grade crossing (EEUU)

    paso (de) cebra — Esp zebra crossing, crosswalk (EEUU)

    paso de peatones — pedestrian crossing, crosswalk (EEUU)

    paso elevado — (Aut) flyover, overpass (EEUU)

    paso inferior — underpass, subway

    paso subterráneo — underpass, subway

    paso superior — (Aut) flyover, overpass (EEUU)

    3) [al andar] (=acción) step; (=ruido) footstep; (=huella) footprint

    • coger el paso — to fall into step

    • dar un paso — to take a step

    ¿ha dado ya sus primeros pasos? — has she taken her first steps yet?

    • dirigir sus pasos hacia — to head towards

    • dar un paso en falso — (=tropezar) to miss one's footing; (=equivocarse) to make a false move

    • hacer pasos — (Baloncesto) to travel (with the ball)

    • volvió sobre sus pasos — she retraced her steps

    paso adelante — (lit, fig) step forward

    paso atrás — (lit, fig) step backwards

    4) (=modo de andar) [de persona] walk, gait; [de caballo] gait

    • acelerar el paso — to go faster, speed up

    • aflojar el paso — to slow down

    • apretar o avivar el paso — to go faster, speed up

    • a buen paso — at a good pace

    • establecer el paso — to make the pace, set the pace

    • a paso lento — at a slow pace, slowly

    • a paso ligero — [gen] at a swift pace; (Mil) at the double

    • llevar el paso — to keep in step, keep time

    • marcar el paso — [gen] to keep time; (Mil) to mark time

    • a paso redoblado — LAm (Mil) at the double

    • romper el paso — to break step

    paso de ambladura, paso de andadura — (Equitación) amble

    5) (=ritmo) rate, pace

    • a este paso — at this rate

    6) (=distancia)
    7) (=avance) step
    8) (Téc) [de tornillo] pitch; [de contador, teléfono] unit
    9) (Teat) ( Hist) sketch, interlude
    10) (Rel) [en procesión] float in Holy Week procession, with statues representing part of Easter story
    See:
    ver nota culturelle SEMANA SANTA in semana
    11)

    paso de armas — (Mil, Hist) passage of arms

    12) LAm (=vado) ford
    2.
    ADV softly, gently

    ¡paso! — not so fast!, easy there!

    * * *
    1)
    a) ( acción)

    de paso: están de paso they're just visiting o just passing through; de paso puedo comprar pan I can buy some bread on the way; fui a la oficina y de paso hablé con él I went to the office and while I was there I had a word with him; me pilla de paso it's on my way; y dicho sea de paso... — and incidentally...

    b) (camino, posibilidad de pasar) way

    ceda el paso — yield ( in US), give way ( in UK)

    abrirse paso — to make one's way; ( a codazos) to elbow one's way

    salir al paso de alguien — ( abordar) to waylay somebody; ( detener) to stop somebody

    2) (Geog) ( en montaña) pass

    salir del paso — to get out of a (tight) spot o (AmE) crack (colloq)

    3)
    a) (al andar, bailar) step

    andar en malos pasos — to be mixed up in shady deals

    a pasos agigantados — by leaps and bounds

    dar los primeros pasos — ( literal) to take one's first steps; ( iniciarse en algo) to start out

    dar un paso en falso — ( literal) to stumble; ( equivocarse) to make a false move

    seguir los pasos de alguien — to follow in somebody's footsteps

    b) pasos masculino plural ( en baloncesto) traveling*, steps (pl)
    4)

    vive a dos pasos de mi casa — he lives a stone's throw (away) from my house

    está a un paso de aquí — it's just around the corner/down the road from here

    b) ( avance) step forward
    c) ( de gestión) step
    5) ( en contador) unit
    6)
    a) (ritmo, velocidad)

    apretó/aminoró el paso — he quickened his pace/he slowed down

    a este paso... — at this rate...

    a paso de hormiga or tortuga — at a snail's pace

    b) (Equ)
    •
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( acción)

    de paso: están de paso they're just visiting o just passing through; de paso puedo comprar pan I can buy some bread on the way; fui a la oficina y de paso hablé con él I went to the office and while I was there I had a word with him; me pilla de paso it's on my way; y dicho sea de paso... — and incidentally...

    b) (camino, posibilidad de pasar) way

    ceda el paso — yield ( in US), give way ( in UK)

    abrirse paso — to make one's way; ( a codazos) to elbow one's way

    salir al paso de alguien — ( abordar) to waylay somebody; ( detener) to stop somebody

    2) (Geog) ( en montaña) pass

    salir del paso — to get out of a (tight) spot o (AmE) crack (colloq)

    3)
    a) (al andar, bailar) step

    andar en malos pasos — to be mixed up in shady deals

    a pasos agigantados — by leaps and bounds

    dar los primeros pasos — ( literal) to take one's first steps; ( iniciarse en algo) to start out

    dar un paso en falso — ( literal) to stumble; ( equivocarse) to make a false move

    seguir los pasos de alguien — to follow in somebody's footsteps

    b) pasos masculino plural ( en baloncesto) traveling*, steps (pl)
    4)

    vive a dos pasos de mi casa — he lives a stone's throw (away) from my house

    está a un paso de aquí — it's just around the corner/down the road from here

    b) ( avance) step forward
    c) ( de gestión) step
    5) ( en contador) unit
    6)
    a) (ritmo, velocidad)

    apretó/aminoró el paso — he quickened his pace/he slowed down

    a este paso... — at this rate...

    a paso de hormiga or tortuga — at a snail's pace

    b) (Equ)
    •
    * * *
    paso1
    1 = footstep, step, footprint, pace.

    Ex: Leforte could usually identify those footsteps easily; but today they sounded less forceful and deliberate.

    Ex: The first step in assigning intellectual responsibility to a corporate body must be a definition of a corporate body.
    Ex: In later years, the famous book mythological significance of muddy footprints introduced me to the ancient Hippopotamian culture.
    Ex: Among other buildings afire or still smoldering in eastern Baghdad today were the city hall and the National Library which was so thoroughly burned that heat still radiated 50 paces from its front doors.
    * abrir paso a = make + way (for).
    * abrirse paso = jostle, break through, elbow + Posesivo + way into, elbow into.
    * acelerar el paso = quicken + the pace, smarten + Posesivo + pace.
    * a este paso = at this rate.
    * aflojar el paso = slow down, slow up.
    * aminorar el paso = slow down, slow up.
    * a paso de tortuga = at a snail's pace.
    * a paso ligero = on the double.
    * a pasos agigantados = at an exponential rate, at exponential rates, by leaps and bounds.
    * a un paso = within a stone's throw (away/from).
    * a un paso asombroso = at an astounding pace.
    * a un paso de = a heartbeat away from.
    * a un paso rápido = at a rapid pace.
    * a un paso relajado = at a strolling pace.
    * barrera de paso a nivel = level-crossing gate.
    * caminar con paso pesado = plod (along/through).
    * ceder el paso = give + way (to), yield + the right of way.
    * contador de pasos = step counter.
    * dar el primer paso = make + a start, take + the first step.
    * dar los pasos necesarios = take + steps.
    * dar los primeros pasos en = venture into.
    * dar otro paso muy importante = reach + another milestone.
    * dar paso (a) = give + way (to), yield to, make + way (for).
    * dar un gran paso adelante = reach + milestone.
    * dar un paso = make + step.
    * dar un paso adelante = step up.
    * dar un paso al frente = step up.
    * dar un paso en falso = make + a false move.
    * dar un paso hacia delante = take + a step forward, step up.
    * dejar paso = step + aside.
    * dejar paso (a) = give + way (to).
    * derecho de paso = the right of way, right of entry.
    * desandar los pasos de = retrace + Posesivo + footsteps, retrace + Posesivo + steps.
    * hacer que + Nombre + dé un paso hacia delante = take + Nombre + a/one step forward.
    * impedir el paso = block in.
    * llave de paso = spigot, faucet, tap, stopcock, stop valve.
    * llave de paso del agua = water valve.
    * llevar a cabo una serie de pasos anteriormente realizados = execute + steps.
    * obstaculizar el paso = block in.
    * otro paso más hacia + Posesivo + destrucción = another nail in + Posesivo + coffin.
    * paso adelante = step up.
    * paso a nivel = level-crossing.
    * paso a paso = one step at a time, step by step, stage by stage, stepwise.
    * paso atrás = backward step, retrograde step.
    * paso de cebra = zebra crossing.
    * paso de la gente = flow of people.
    * paso del comercio = flow of commerce.
    * Paso del Noroeste, el = North West Passage, the.
    * paso de peatones = zebra crossing, pedestrian crossing, pelican crossing.
    * paso de tortuga = snail's pace.
    * paso en falso = false move.
    * paso fronterizo = border crossing.
    * paso hacia adelante = step forward.
    * paso hacia atrás = retrograde step, step backward(s), step back.
    * paso inferior = underpass.
    * paso ininterrumpido de = steady flow of.
    * paso intermedio = half-way house, stepping stone.
    * paso peatonal = pedestrian crossing.
    * paso subterráneo = underground walkway.
    * Posesivo + primeros pasos = Posesivo + first steps.
    * preferencia de paso = the right of way.
    * primer paso = stake in the ground.
    * primer paso de, el = thin edge of the wedge, the.
    * realizar una tarea paso a paso = go through.
    * saltarse pasos intermedios = jump + steps.
    * seguir los pasos de = follow in + the footsteps of.
    * seguir + Posesivo + pasos = follow in + Posesivo + footsteps.
    * seguir unos pasos = follow + steps.
    * señal de prohibido el paso = No Entry sign.
    * ser un gran paso adelante = be half the battle.
    * tener derecho de paso = have + the right of way.
    * tomar un paso decisivo = take + the plunge.
    * un paso por delante de = one step ahead of.
    * válvula de paso = stop valve, stopcock.
    * volver sobre los pasos de Uno = double-back, retrace + Posesivo + steps, retrace + Posesivo + footsteps, go back on + Posesivo + steps.

    paso2
    2 = stage, passing.

    Ex: The first stage in the choice of access points must be the definition of an author.

    Ex: Perhaps an openly expressed disbelief in his activities is one of the marks of the passing of this stage.
    * ave de paso = bird of passage.
    * cambiar con el paso del tiempo = change over + time.
    * con el paso de = with the passing of.
    * con el paso de los años = with the passing of (the) years.
    * con el paso del tiempo = over the years, over time, with the passage of time, as time goes by, in due course, over a period of time, in the course of time, over the course of time, in the process of time, as time passed (by), as time passes (by), as time went by.
    * de paso = by the way, by the by(e).
    * deteriorado por el paso del tiempo = timeworn.
    * dicho sea de paso = by the way, on a sidenote, by the by(e).
    * el paso del tiempo = the passage of time, the sands of time.
    * en varios pasos = multi-step.
    * llave de paso = shut-off valve.
    * paso elevado = overpass.
    * paso elevado de peatones = pedestrian overpass.
    * paso elevado para peatones = pedestrian overpass.
    * paso inferior = subway.
    * paso inferior de peatones = pedestrian underpass.
    * paso inferior para peatones = pedestrian underpass.
    * paso subterráneo = underpass, subway.
    * paso subterráneo de peatones = pedestrian underpass.
    * paso subterráneo para peatones = pedestrian underpass.
    * quedar anulado con el paso del tiempo = be overtaken by events.
    * resistir el paso del tiempo = stand + the test of time, withstand + the test of time, survive + the test of time, pass + the test of time.
    * válvula de paso = shut-off valve.

    paso3
    3 = transfer, transition, changeover [change-over], handover [hand-over].

    Ex: When the record transfer is complete, the catalog summary screen is shown for the new record so that the user can review and update it.

    Ex: Hierarchical relationships must be indicated in order that users may make the transition from a first access point to related terms or access points.
    Ex: The changeover has resulted in more rapid machine-editing of input and reduced costs for cataloguing.
    Ex: The author assesses the prospects of Hong Kong after the handover of the colony to China in 1997 when it will once again be competing with Shanghai as the publishing hub of the Orient.

    * * *
    A
    1
    (acción): las compuertas controlan el paso del agua the hatches control the flow of water
    a su paso por la ciudad el río se ensancha the river widens as it flows through the city
    el paso de los camiones había causado grietas en la calzada cracks had appeared in the road surface caused by the passage of so many trucks o because of all the trucks using it
    hizo frente a todo lo que encontró a su paso he faced up to every obstacle in his path
    con el paso del tiempo se desgastó la piedra the stone got worn down with time o with the passing o passage of time
    [ S ] ceda el paso yield ( in US), give way ( in UK)
    [ S ] prohibido el paso no entry
    al paso (en ajedrez) en passant
    de paso: no viven aquí, están de paso they don't live here, they're just visiting o they're just passing through
    de paso puedo dejarles el paquete I can drop the package off on my way
    lo mencionó pero sólo de paso he mentioned it but only in passing
    lleva esto a la oficina y de paso habla con la secretaria take this to the office and while you're there have a word with the secretary
    te lo recogeré si quieres, me pilla de paso I'll pick it up for you if you like, it's on my way
    archiva estas fichas y de paso comprueba todas las direcciones file these cards and while you're at it o about it check all the addresses
    y dicho sea de paso … and incidentally …
    2 (camino, posibilidad de pasar) way
    abran paso make way
    se puso en medio y me cerró el paso she stood in front of me and blocked my way
    por aquí no hay paso you can't get through this way
    dejen el paso libre leave the way clear
    abrirse paso to make one's way
    el sol se abría paso entre las nubes the sun was breaking through the clouds
    consiguió abrirse paso a codazos entre la gente she managed to elbow her way through the crowd
    no te será difícil abrirte paso en la vida you won't have any problems making your way in life o getting on in life
    salir al paso de algn to waylay sb
    salir al paso de algo to forestall sth
    salir del paso to get out of a (tight) spot o ( AmE) crack ( colloq)
    Compuestos:
    grade crossing ( AmE), level crossing ( BrE)
    zebra crossing, crosswalk ( AmE)
    ( Méx) catwalk
    crosswalk ( AmE), pedestrian crossing ( BrE)
    overpass ( AmE), flyover ( BrE)
    border crossing
    (para peatones) underpass, subway ( BrE); (para vehículos) underpass
    C
    dio un paso para atrás he took a step backward(s), he stepped backward(s)
    ¡un paso al frente! one step forward!
    camina 50 pasos al norte walk 50 paces to the north
    dirigió sus pasos hacia la puerta she walked toward(s) the door
    oyó pasos en el piso de arriba she heard footsteps on the floor above
    con paso firme subió las escaleras he climbed the stairs purposefully
    no da un paso sin consultar a su marido she won't do anything without asking her husband first
    paso a paso step by step
    siguieron el juicio paso a paso they followed the trial step by step
    paso a paso se fue abriendo camino en la empresa he gradually worked his way up in the company
    me lo explicó paso por paso she explained it to me step by step
    a cada paso at every turn
    a pasos agigantados by leaps and bounds
    la informática avanza a pasos agigantados information technology is advancing by leaps and bounds, enormous strides are being made in information technology
    dar los primeros pasos (literal) to take one's first steps, start to walk; (iniciarse en algo) to start out
    dio sus primeros pasos como actor en televisión he started out o made his debut as a television actor
    dar un paso en falso (literal) to stumble; (equivocarse) to make a false move
    dar un paso en falso en política puede conducir al desastre one false move o putting one foot wrong in politics can lead to disaster
    seguir los pasos de algn to follow in sb's footsteps
    volver sobre sus pasos to retrace one's steps
    2
    (distancia corta): vive a dos pasos de mi casa he lives a stone's throw (away) from my house
    estuvo a un paso de la muerte she was at death's door
    ánimo, ya estamos a un paso come on, we're nearly there now
    está a un paso de aquí it's just around the corner o down the road from here
    de ahí a convertirse en drogadicto no hay más que un paso it's only a short step from there to becoming a drug addict
    3 (logro, avance) step forward
    el que te haya llamado ya es un paso (adelante) the fact that he's called you is a step forward in itself
    supone un gran paso en la lucha contra la enfermedad it is a great step forward o a great advance in the fight against the illness
    hemos dado los pasos necesarios we have taken the necessary steps
    5 (de baile) step
    6 pasos mpl (en baloncesto) traveling*, steps (pl)
    hacer pasos to travel
    D
    1 (de un tornillo, una rosca) pitch
    E
    1
    (ritmo, velocidad): aminoró el paso he slowed down
    al ver que la seguían apretó el paso when she realized she was being followed she quickened her pace
    el tren iba a buen paso the train was going at a fair speed
    a este paso no llegamos ni a las diez at this rate we won't even get there by ten o'clock
    a este paso te vas a poner enfermo if you carry on like this, you'll get ill, at this rate o (if you carry on) the way you're going, you'll get ill
    escribía los nombres al paso que yo se los leía she wrote down the names as I read them out to her
    a paso de hormiga or tortuga at a snail's pace
    llevar el paso to keep in step
    marcar el paso to mark time
    en ese colegio te van a hacer marcar el paso they'll make you toe the line at that school
    2 ( Equ):
    al paso at a walking pace
    Compuesto:
    paso ligero or redoblado
    a paso ligero or redoblado double quick, in double time
    paso2 -sa
    * * *

     

    Del verbo pasar: ( conjugate pasar)

    paso es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    pasó es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    pasar    
    paso
    pasar ( conjugate pasar) verbo intransitivo
    1
    a) ( ir por un lugar) to come/go past;

    ◊ no ha pasado ni un taxi not one taxi has come/gone past;

    los otros coches no podían paso the other cars weren't able to get past;
    no dejan paso a nadie they're not letting anyone through;
    paso de largo to go right o straight past;
    paso por la aduana to go through customs;
    es un vuelo directo, no pasa por Miami it's a direct flight, it doesn't go via Miami;
    ¿este autobús pasa por el museo? does this bus go past the museum?;
    pasamos por delante de su casa we went past her house;
    pasaba por aquí y … I was just passing by o I was in the area and …

    ◊ ¿podríamos paso por el banco? can we stop off at the bank?;

    pasa un día por casa why don't you drop o come by the house sometime?;
    puede paso a recogerlo mañana you can come and pick it up tomorrow

    ◊ paso de un lado a otro [persona/barco] to go o cross from one side to the other;


    [ humedad] to go through from one side to the other
    d) ( caber):


    2 ( entrar — acercándose al hablante) to come in;
    (— alejándose del hablante) to go in;
    ◊ pase, por favor please, do come in;

    ¡que pase el siguiente! next, please!;
    haga paso al Sr Díaz show Mr Díaz in please
    3
    a) (transmitirse, transferirse) [corona/título] to pass;


    b) ( comunicar):

    ◊ te paso con Javier ( en el mismo teléfono) I'll hand o pass you over to Javier;


    ( en otro teléfono) I'll put you through to Javier
    4
    a) (Educ) to pass;

    ◊ paso de curso to get through o pass one's end-of-year exams


    ◊ no está perfecto, pero puede paso it's not perfect, but it'll do;

    por esta vez, (que) pase I'll let it pass o go this time
    5



    ver tb hacerse II 3


    ( suceder) to happen;

    lo que pasa es que… the thing o the problem is …;
    pase lo que pase whatever happens, come what may;
    siempre pasa igual or lo mismo it's always the same;
    ¿qué pasa? what's the matter?, what's up? (colloq);
    ¿qué te pasa? what's the matter with you?;
    ¿qué te pasó en el ojo? what happened to your eye?;
    ¿qué le pasa a la tele? what's wrong with the TV?;
    eso le pasa a cualquiera that can happen to anybody;
    no le pasó nada nothing happened to him
    1 ( transcurrir) [tiempo/años] to pass, go by;
    ◊ pasoon muchos años many years went by o passed;

    ya han pasado dos horas it's been two hours now;
    un año pasa muy rápido a year goes very quickly;
    ¡cómo pasa el tiempo! doesn't time fly!
    2 ( cesar) [crisis/mal momento] to be over;
    [ efecto] to wear off;
    [ dolor] to go away
    3 ( arreglárselas) paso sin algo to manage without sth
    verbo transitivo
    1
    a) (cruzar, atravesar) ‹ frontera› to cross;

    ‹pueblo/ciudad› to go through
    b) ( dejar atrás) ‹edificio/calle› to go past

    c) (adelantar, sobrepasar) to overtake

    2
    a) ( hacer atravesar) paso algo POR algo to put sth through sth;


    b) (por la aduana —legalmente) to take through;

    (— ilegalmente) to smuggle
    3 ( hacer recorrer):

    pásale un trapo al piso give the floor a quick wipe;
    hay que pasole una plancha it needs a quick iron
    4 (exhibir, mostrar) ‹película/anuncio› to show
    5 ‹examen/prueba› to pass
    6 ‹página/hoja› to turn;
    ◊ paso por alto ‹falta/error› to overlook;


    ‹tema/punto› to leave out, omit
    1 (entregar, hacer llegar):

    ¿me pasas el martillo? can you pass me the hammer?
    2 ( contagiar) to give, to pass on
    1
    a) ‹ tiempo› to spend;


    fuimos a Toledo a paso el día we went to Toledo for the day


    pasa todo el día al teléfono she spends all day on the phone
    c) pasarlo or pasarla bien to have a good time;

    ◊ ¿qué tal lo pasaste en la fiesta? did you have a good time at the party?, did you enjoy the party?;

    lo pasé mal I didn't enjoy myself
    2 (sufrir, padecer) ‹penalidades/desgracias› to go through, to suffer;
    ◊ pasé mucho miedo/frío I was very frightened/cold

    pasarse verbo pronominal
    1 ( cambiarse):

    2


    esta vez te has pasado (fam) you've gone too far this time
    b) ( enf) (fam) (ir):


    ¿podrías pasote por el mercado? could you go down to the market?
    3
    a) [peras/tomates] to go bad, get overripe;

    [carne/pescado] to go off, go bad;
    [ leche] to go off, go sour
    b) (recocerse) [arroz/pasta] to get overcooked

    1

    [ dolor] to go away;
    (+ me/te/le etc)
    ◊ ya se me pasó el dolor the pain's gone o eased now;

    espera a que se le pase el enojo wait until he's calmed o cooled down


    ver tb pasar verbo transitivo III 1
    2 (+ me/te/le etc)
    a) ( olvidarse):




    paso sustantivo masculino
    1
    a) ( acción):


    el paso del tiempo the passage of time;
    el paso de la dictadura a la democracia the transition from dictatorship to democracy;
    de paso: están de paso they're just visiting o just passing through;
    me pilla de paso it's on my way;
    y dicho sea de paso … and incidentally …
    b) (camino, posibilidad de pasar) way;

    ◊ abrir/dejar paso (a algn/algo) to make way (for sth/sb);

    me cerró el paso she blocked my way;
    dejen el paso libre leave the way clear;

    ( on signs) ceda el paso yield ( in US), give way ( in UK);
    ( on signs) prohibido el paso no entry;

    paso de peatones crosswalk (AmE), pedestrian crossing (BrE);
    paso a nivel grade (AmE) o (BrE) level crossing;
    paso elevado or (Méx) a desnivel overpass (AmE), flyover (BrE);
    paso subterráneo ( para peatones) underpass, subway (BrE);

    ( para vehículos) underpass;


    ( a codazos) to elbow one's way;


    ( detener) to stop sb
    2 (Geog) ( en montaña) pass;
    ◊ salir del paso to get out of a (tight) spot o (AmE) crack (colloq)

    3
    a) (al andar, bailar) step;


    oyó pasos she heard footsteps;
    entró con paso firme he came in purposefully;
    paso a paso step by step;
    seguirle los pasos a algn to tail sb;
    seguir los pasos de algn to follow in sb's footsteps

    ◊ vive a dos pasos de mi casa he lives a stone's throw (away) from my house;

    está a un paso de aquí it's just around the corner/down the road from here



    4 (ritmo, velocidad):
    ◊ apretó/aminoró el paso he quickened his pace/he slowed down;

    a este paso … at this rate …;
    a paso de hormiga or tortuga at a snail's pace;
    marcar el paso to mark time
    5 ( en contador) unit
    pasar
    I verbo transitivo
    1 to pass
    2 (trasladar) to move
    3 (dar) to pass, give: no me pasó el recado, he didn't give me the message
    4 (hojas de libro) to turn
    5 (el tiempo, la vida) to spend, pass
    6 (soportar, sufrir) to suffer, endure: está pasando una crisis personal, she's going through a personal crisis
    pasamos sed y calor, we suffered thirst and heat
    7 (río, calle, frontera) to cross
    8 (tragar) to swallow
    9 (tolerar, aguantar) to bear
    10 (introducir) to insert, put through
    11 (un examen, una eliminatoria) to pass
    12 Cine to run, show: este sábado pasan Ben Hur, they're putting Ben Hur on this Saturday
    II verbo intransitivo
    1 to pass: ¿a qué hora pasa el tren?, what time does the train pass?
    Cervantes pasó por aquí, Cervantes passed this way
    ya pasó, it has already passed
    pasar de largo, to go by (without stopping)
    2 (entrar) to come in
    3 (ser tolerable) to be acceptable: no está mal, puede pasar, it isn't bad, it will do
    4 (exceder) to surpass: no pases de los 70 km/h, don't exceed 70 km/h
    5 (a otro asunto) to go on to
    pasar a ser, to become
    6 (tiempo) to pass, go by
    7 (arreglarse, apañarse) pasar sin, to do without: puedo pasar sin coche, I can manage without a car
    8 fam (no tener interés, prescindir) pasa de lo que digan, don't mind what they say
    paso de ir al cine, I'll give the cinema a miss
    9 (suceder) to happen: ¿qué pasa?, what's going on?
    ¿qué le pasa?, what's the matter with him?
    pase lo que pase, whatever happens o come what may
    ♦ Locuciones: pasar algo a limpio, to make a fair copy of sthg
    pasarlo bien/mal, to have a good/difficult time
    pasar por, to put up with: paso por que me digas que estoy gorda, pero no pienso tolerar que me amargues cada comida, I can handle you calling me fat, but I'm not having you ruin every single meal for me
    pasar por alto, to overlook: pasaré por alto esa observación, I'll just ignore that remark
    paso sustantivo masculino
    1 step: caminaban a paso ligero, they walked quickly
    (sonido de pisadas) footstep
    (de un baile) step
    2 (camino, pasillo) passage, way
    Auto ceda el paso, give way
    paso a nivel, level o US grade crossing
    paso de cebra, zebra crossing
    paso de peatones, pedestrian crossing, US crosswalk
    paso subterráneo, (para peatones) subway
    (para vehículos) underpass
    prohibido el paso, no entry
    3 (acción) passage, passing: estamos de paso en la ciudad, we are just passing through the town
    a su paso por la Universidad, when he was at University
    el lento paso de las horas, the slow passing of the hours
    4 Tel unit
    5 Geol (entre montañas) mountain pass
    6 Náut strait
    ♦ Locuciones: abrirse paso, (entre la multitud, maleza) to make one's way, (en la vida) to get ahead
    salir del paso, to get out of trouble
    a cada paso, constantly, every other minute
    ' paso' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    apretar
    - arramblar
    - atravesar
    - bando
    - bloquear
    - cabeza
    - cada
    - calamidad
    - cebra
    - ceder
    - cerrar
    - converger
    - cortar
    - dar
    - dado
    - desvirtuar
    - disfraz
    - esclarecimiento
    - estela
    - filtración
    - franca
    - franco
    - impedir
    - infierno
    - ligera
    - ligero
    - lista
    - llave
    - magín
    - mayor
    - nivel
    - obstaculizar
    - pasar
    - pasarse
    - patata
    - peatonal
    - por
    - prohibida
    - prohibido
    - rebote
    - rito
    - segura
    - seguro
    - sino
    - subterránea
    - subterráneo
    - testigo
    - tránsito
    - ver
    - vela
    English:
    ahead
    - amok
    - arrogant
    - bar
    - battle
    - begrudge
    - block
    - block in
    - break through
    - breakthrough
    - brisk
    - by
    - childhood
    - clarify
    - clear
    - coast
    - come over
    - crossing
    - crosswalk
    - dizzy
    - dwindle
    - evaluation
    - explanation
    - false move
    - faux pas
    - float
    - flyover
    - footstep
    - give
    - go by
    - going
    - graze
    - grow out of
    - hysterical
    - lazy
    - level crossing
    - life
    - lively
    - mop
    - move
    - nail
    - obstruction
    - ocean
    - overboard
    - overpass
    - pace
    - pass
    - pass along
    - pass by
    - pass through
    * * *
    ♦ nm
    1. [con el pie] step;
    [huella] footprint;
    dar un paso adelante o [m5] al frente to step forwards, to take a step forwards;
    dar un paso atrás [al andar] to step backwards, to take a step backwards;
    [en proceso, negociaciones] to take a backward step;
    aprendí unos pasos de baile I learnt a few dance steps;
    oía pasos arriba I could hear footsteps upstairs;
    se veían sus pasos sobre la nieve you could see its footprints in the snow;
    a cada paso [cada dos por tres] every other minute;
    está a dos o [m5] cuatro pasos (de aquí) it's just down the road (from here);
    vivimos a un paso de la estación we live just round the corner from o a stone's throw away from the station;
    el ruso está a un paso de hacerse campeón the Russian is on the verge of o just one small step away from becoming champion;
    a pasos agigantados at a terrific rate, at a rate of knots;
    la economía crece a pasos agigantados the economy is growing at a rate of knots;
    el SIDA se propaga a pasos agigantados AIDS is spreading like wildfire o at an alarming rate;
    la ingeniería genética avanza a pasos agigantados genetic engineering has made giant o enormous strides;
    dar un paso en falso o [m5] un mal paso [tropezar] to stumble;
    [equivocarse] to make a false move o a mistake; Fig
    no dio ni un paso en falso he didn't put a foot wrong;
    seguir los pasos a alguien [perseguir, vigilar] to tail sb;
    seguir los pasos de alguien [imitar] to follow in sb's footsteps;
    volvimos sobre nuestros pasos we retraced our steps
    2. [acción] passing;
    [cruce] crossing; [camino de acceso] way through, thoroughfare;
    con el paso del tiempo with the passage of time;
    con el paso de los años as the years go by;
    el paso de la juventud a la madurez the transition from youth to adulthood;
    su paso fugaz por la universidad his brief spell at the university;
    el Ebro, a su paso por Zaragoza the Ebro, as it flows through Zaragoza;
    la tienda está en una zona de mucho paso the shop is in a very busy area;
    también Fig
    abrir paso a alguien to make way for sb;
    abrirse paso [entre la gente, la maleza] to make one's way;
    abrirse paso en la vida/en el mundo de la política to get on o ahead in life/politics;
    ¡abran paso! make way!;
    ceder el paso (a alguien) [dejar pasar] to let (sb) past;
    [en automóvil] to Br give way o US yield (to sb);
    ceda el paso [en letrero] Br give way, US yield;
    cerrar o [m5] cortar el paso a alguien to block sb's way;
    de paso [de pasada] in passing;
    [aprovechando] while I'm/you're/ etc at it;
    de paso que vienes, tráete las fotos de las vacaciones you may as well bring the photos from your Br holiday o US vacation when you come;
    la estación me pilla de paso the station's on my way;
    estar de paso [en un lugar] to be passing through;
    prohibido el paso [en letrero] no entry;
    salir al paso a alguien, salir al paso de alguien [acercarse] to come up to sb;
    [hacer detenerse] to come and bar sb's way;
    salir al paso de algo [rechazar] to respond to sth
    paso de cebra Br zebra crossing, = pedestrian crossing marked with black and white lines; Méx paso a desnivel Br flyover, US overpass;
    paso del Ecuador [en barco] crossing the line ceremony;
    [en universidad] = (celebration marking) halfway stage in a university course;
    paso elevado Br flyover, US overpass;
    paso fronterizo border crossing (point);
    paso a nivel Br level crossing, US grade crossing;
    paso a nivel con barrera Br gated level crossing, US protected grade crossing;
    paso a nivel sin barrera Br ungated level crossing, US unprotected grade crossing;
    Chile paso bajo nivel Br subway, US underpass;
    paso peatonal o de peatones pedestrian crossing;
    paso subterráneo Br subway, US underpass
    3. [forma de andar] walk;
    [ritmo] pace;
    con paso cansino se dirigió a la puerta he walked wearily towards the door;
    a buen paso at a good rate;
    a este paso o [m5]al paso que vamos, no acabaremos nunca at this rate o at the rate we're going, we'll never finish;
    al paso [en equitación] at a walk;
    a paso lento slowly;
    a paso ligero at a brisk pace;
    Mil at the double;
    aflojar el paso to slow down;
    apretar el paso to go faster, to speed up;
    llevar el paso to keep step;
    marcar el paso to keep time;
    a paso de tortuga at a snail's pace
    Mil paso de la oca goose-step
    4. Geog [en montaña] pass;
    [en el mar] strait
    5. [trámite, etapa, acontecimiento] step;
    [progreso] step forward, advance;
    antes de dar cualquier paso siempre me pregunta she always asks me before doing anything;
    dar los pasos necesarios to take the necessary steps;
    dar los primeros pasos hacia la paz to take the first steps towards peace;
    la aprobación de una constitución supondría un gran paso para la democracia the passing of a constitution would be a big step forward for democracy;
    explícamelo paso a o [m5] por paso explain it to me step by step;
    paso a o [m5] por paso se ganó la confianza de sus alumnos she gradually won the confidence of her pupils;
    salir del paso to get out of trouble
    6. [de llamadas telefónicas, consumo eléctrico] unit
    7. [en procesión] float [in Easter procession]
    8.
    pasos [en baloncesto] travelling;
    hacer pasos to travel
    ♦ interj
    make way!
    * * *
    1 m
    1 step;
    paso a paso step by step;
    a cada paso at every step;
    a dos pasos de fig a stone’s throw (away) from;
    volver sobre sus pasos retrace one’s steps;
    un paso en falso make a false move;
    seguir los pasos a alguien follow s.o., dog s.o.’s footsteps;
    seguir los pasos de alguien follow in s.o.’s footsteps;
    pasos pl en baloncesto traveling sg, Br travelling sg ;
    2 ( manera de andar) walk
    3 ( ritmo) pace, rate;
    a este paso fig at this rate;
    al paso que vamos at the rate we’re going;
    a paso ligero at the double;
    llevar el paso MIL keep in step;
    marcar el paso MIL mark time
    4 de agua flow; de tráfico movement;
    cerrar el paso de la calle block off o close the street;
    ceda el paso yield, Br give way;
    observaba el paso del agua/de la gente he watched the water flow past/the world go by
    5 ( cruce) crossing
    6 de tiempo passing
    7 ( huella) footprint
    8 ( camino)
    :
    de paso on the way;
    estar de paso be passing through;
    dicho sea de paso and incidentally;
    ¡paso! make way!, let me through!;
    abrirse paso push one’s way through; fig carve out a path for o.s.;
    salir del paso get out of a tight spot
    2 m REL float in Holy Week procession
    * * *
    paso, -sa adj
    : dried
    ciruela pasa: prune
    paso nm
    1) : passage, passing
    de paso: in passing, on the way
    2) : way, path
    abrirse paso: to make one's way
    3) : crossing
    paso de peatones: crosswalk
    paso a desnivel: underpass
    paso elevado: overpass
    4) : step
    paso a paso: step by step
    5) : pace, gait
    a buen paso: quickly, at a good rate
    * * *
    paso n
    1. (en general) step
    2. (pisada) footstep
    4. (transcurso) passing / passage
    de paso (al mismo tiempo) while you're there / while you're about it (de camino) on your way

    Spanish-English dictionary > paso

  • 11 avanzar

    v.
    1 to advance.
    las tropas continúan avanzando the troops are still advancing
    el tráfico no avanzaba the traffic wasn't moving
    Mi chico avanza en la escuela My boy advances in school.
    Ricardo avanzó las ventas Richard advanced=promoted sales.
    2 to make progress.
    está avanzando mucho en sus estudios she's making very good progress with her studies
    esta tecnología avanza a gran velocidad this technology is developing very quickly
    3 to pass (time).
    el tiempo avanza muy deprisa time passes quickly
    a medida que avanza el siglo as the century draws on
    4 to move forward.
    El coche avanza lentamente The car moves forward slowly.
    * * *
    1 to advance, go forward
    1 (mover adelante) to advance, move forward
    2 (dinero) to advance
    3 (promover) to promote
    4 (una propuesta) to put forward
    1 (adelantarse) to go forward, advance; (día, noche) to draw in
    * * *
    verb
    1) to advance, move forward
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=mover) to move forward, advance

    avanzó la ficha cuatro casillas — he moved the counter forward four spaces, he advanced the counter four spaces

    2) [+ dinero] to advance
    3) [+ opinión, propuesta] to put forward
    4) [+ resultado] to predict; [+ predicción] to make
    5) Caribe (=vomitar) to vomit
    2. VI
    1) (=ir hacia adelante) to advance, move forward

    no me esperéis, seguid avanzando — don't wait for me, carry on

    2) (=progresar) to make progress
    3) [noche, invierno] to draw on, approach
    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo intransitivo
    a) persona/tráfico to advance, move forward

    avanzar hacia la democracia — to move o advance toward(s) democracy

    b) ciencia/medicina to advance
    c) cinta/rollo to wind on
    d) persona (en los estudios, el trabajo) to make progress; negociaciones/proyecto to progress
    e) tiempo to draw on
    2.
    a) ( adelantarse) to move forward, advance
    b) ( mover) to move... forward, advance

    avanzó un peón — he moved o pushed a pawn forward

    c) < propuesta> to put forward
    * * *
    = gain + ground, get + far, go forward, make + gains, make + progress, move ahead, move on, move onwardly, move up, page (through), progress, advance, proceed, press on, come along, fast-forward, take + a step forward, get + ahead, move forward, make + step, take + strides, make + advances, develop, move along, get + unstuck, press forward (with), move + forward, go forth, make + headway.
    Ex. Standardisation of formats is less developed; however UNIMARC is gaining ground as a national exchange format, whilst USMARC is also used by university and public libraries.
    Ex. If scientific reasoning were limited to the logical processes of arithmetic, we should not get far in our understanding of the physical world.
    Ex. Thus, if you want to reply yes, enter a 'y'; if you want to go forward, enter 'f'.
    Ex. Expenditures in public libraries in the USA rose sharply in 1988 while use continued to make modest gains, with the greatest increase in juvenile loans.
    Ex. We could then simply alter our expectations accordingly, and exult in the progress we have made.
    Ex. It is impatient with Juctionville for its failure to move ahead as fast as it would like and is bothered by the city's drabness and general lack of class and culture.
    Ex. Rather readers grow by fits and starts now rushing ahead, now lying fallow, and now moving steadily on.
    Ex. In its simplest statement, the prime goal of any act of education is that it should serve us in the future... takes us somewhere... let us move onwardly more easily.
    Ex. Now we move up the chain providing index entries for each of the potentially sought terms.
    Ex. The system displays the records in brief format and the user can 'page' through the matches until the required record is found.
    Ex. It is normally taken to indicate that the document has been revised, if a work has progressed to a second or subsequent edition.
    Ex. All this is not to be impulsively regretted since specialized studies can advance in no other way, but synthesis becomes increasingly important and dishearteningly more difficult.
    Ex. Before we proceed to look at the operators in detail, a couple of examples may help to make the layout clearer.
    Ex. Hoping the gentler tone and the more relaxed manner meant that her anger was abating, the young man pressed on less apprehensively.
    Ex. However, we have not heard the final word by any means for there are new products and improved examples of existing products coming along.
    Ex. Modern machines have an automatic facility for fast-forward and rewind as well as a manual control for slower, more precise location of the required information on the microfilm.
    Ex. LCSH has taken a further step forward with the use of computer-controlled typesetting.
    Ex. Low-income urban families simply do not have any use for the traditional library or indeed any motivation for self-improvement and getting ahead = Las familias urbanas con ingresos bajos simplemente no tienen la necesidad de usar la biblioteca tradicional o de hecho no sienten motivación para la superación personal y para avanzar.
    Ex. This article argues the need to move forward with the infotech culture without abandoning the service culture.
    Ex. Schucking noted that early step when a child's 'imagination awakes, without corresponding development of the critical faculty,' a step most children make before they reach school age = Schucking se percató de ese primer paso en el niño cuando "se despierta su imaginación sin el correspondiente desarrollo de la capacidad crítica", un paso que dan la mayoría de los niños antes de alcanzar la edad escolar.
    Ex. In the half century since the publication of McKerrow's Introduction bibliography has taken giant strides in many directions.
    Ex. The author maintains that, aside from increasing computational speed, and thus real-time control, musically no advances have been made.
    Ex. The economics journal system has not grown and developed in a structured fashion, which has resulted in overspill into report literature.
    Ex. As university libraries move along this continuum they will become evolutionary, non-hierarchical, entrepreneurial and horizontal.
    Ex. In addition, students can use the glossary to get 'unstuck' while learning.
    Ex. The company is pressing forward with the construction of an environment and a system that permit all employees to demonstrate their full capabilities.
    Ex. Kuwait is not going backwards, but definitely not moving forward.
    Ex. Finally six men agreed to go forth in their underclothes and nooses around their necks in hopeful expectation that their sacrifice would satisfy the king's bloodlust and he would spare the rest of the citizens.
    Ex. Governments are making headway in negotiations aimed at reaching an ambitious and effective global greenhouse gas reduction treaty.
    ----
    * a medida que + avanzar + el año = as the year + wear on.
    * a medida que + avanzar + el día = as the day + wear on.
    * avanzar a duras penas = flounder, grind on.
    * avanzar a toda máquina = steam ahead, go + full steam ahead.
    * avanzar a toda mecha = go + full steam ahead.
    * avanzar a toda pastilla = steam ahead, go + full steam ahead.
    * avanzar a todo gas = steam ahead, go + full steam ahead.
    * avanzar a todo meter = go + full steam ahead.
    * avanzar a todo vapor = steam ahead, go + full steam ahead.
    * avanzar a trancas y barrancas = flounder, grind on.
    * avanzar a un ritmo vertiginoso = proceed + at a blistering pace.
    * avanzar con dificultad = wade through, limp, slog along, plod (along/through).
    * avanzar con gran dificultad = grind on.
    * avanzar en + Posesivo + trabajo = advance + Posesivo + work, advance + Posesivo + work.
    * avanzar en una carrera profesional = further + a career.
    * avanzar fácilmente = coast.
    * avanzar gradualmente (hacia) = edge (toward(s)).
    * avanzar hacia = move into, move toward(s).
    * avanzar hacia abajo = work + Posesivo + way down.
    * avanzar lentamente = creep, creep along.
    * avanzar lenta y pesadamente = trundle.
    * avanzar mucho = travel + a long way down the road.
    * avanzar muy despacio = creep, creep along.
    * avanzar poco a poco = shuffle along.
    * avanzar poco a poco (hacia) = edge (toward(s)).
    * avanzar profesionalmente dentro de la institución = rise through + the ranks.
    * avanzar rápidamente = gallop.
    * avanzar viento en popa = steam ahead.
    * conforme + avanzar + el año = as the year + wear on.
    * conforme + avanzar + el día = as the day + wear on.
    * dar vueltas sin avanzar = go round in + circles.
    * hacer avanzar = nudge + Nombre + forward, push + the frontiers of, nudge + Nombre + along, nudge + Nombre + into, push + the boundaries of.
    * hacer avanzar el conocimiento = push back + the frontiers of knowledge.
    * hacer avanzar hacia = nudge + Nombre + toward.
    * hacer que + Nombre + avance = take + Nombre + a/one step forward.
    * no avanzar = tread + water.
    * no avanzar más = go + no further.
    * que avanza lentamente = crawling.
    * que avanza rápidamente = fast-developing.
    * seguir avanzando = forge + ahead, forge + forward.
    * tiempo + avanzar inexorablemente = time + march on.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo intransitivo
    a) persona/tráfico to advance, move forward

    avanzar hacia la democracia — to move o advance toward(s) democracy

    b) ciencia/medicina to advance
    c) cinta/rollo to wind on
    d) persona (en los estudios, el trabajo) to make progress; negociaciones/proyecto to progress
    e) tiempo to draw on
    2.
    a) ( adelantarse) to move forward, advance
    b) ( mover) to move... forward, advance

    avanzó un peón — he moved o pushed a pawn forward

    c) < propuesta> to put forward
    * * *
    = gain + ground, get + far, go forward, make + gains, make + progress, move ahead, move on, move onwardly, move up, page (through), progress, advance, proceed, press on, come along, fast-forward, take + a step forward, get + ahead, move forward, make + step, take + strides, make + advances, develop, move along, get + unstuck, press forward (with), move + forward, go forth, make + headway.

    Ex: Standardisation of formats is less developed; however UNIMARC is gaining ground as a national exchange format, whilst USMARC is also used by university and public libraries.

    Ex: If scientific reasoning were limited to the logical processes of arithmetic, we should not get far in our understanding of the physical world.
    Ex: Thus, if you want to reply yes, enter a 'y'; if you want to go forward, enter 'f'.
    Ex: Expenditures in public libraries in the USA rose sharply in 1988 while use continued to make modest gains, with the greatest increase in juvenile loans.
    Ex: We could then simply alter our expectations accordingly, and exult in the progress we have made.
    Ex: It is impatient with Juctionville for its failure to move ahead as fast as it would like and is bothered by the city's drabness and general lack of class and culture.
    Ex: Rather readers grow by fits and starts now rushing ahead, now lying fallow, and now moving steadily on.
    Ex: In its simplest statement, the prime goal of any act of education is that it should serve us in the future... takes us somewhere... let us move onwardly more easily.
    Ex: Now we move up the chain providing index entries for each of the potentially sought terms.
    Ex: The system displays the records in brief format and the user can 'page' through the matches until the required record is found.
    Ex: It is normally taken to indicate that the document has been revised, if a work has progressed to a second or subsequent edition.
    Ex: All this is not to be impulsively regretted since specialized studies can advance in no other way, but synthesis becomes increasingly important and dishearteningly more difficult.
    Ex: Before we proceed to look at the operators in detail, a couple of examples may help to make the layout clearer.
    Ex: Hoping the gentler tone and the more relaxed manner meant that her anger was abating, the young man pressed on less apprehensively.
    Ex: However, we have not heard the final word by any means for there are new products and improved examples of existing products coming along.
    Ex: Modern machines have an automatic facility for fast-forward and rewind as well as a manual control for slower, more precise location of the required information on the microfilm.
    Ex: LCSH has taken a further step forward with the use of computer-controlled typesetting.
    Ex: Low-income urban families simply do not have any use for the traditional library or indeed any motivation for self-improvement and getting ahead = Las familias urbanas con ingresos bajos simplemente no tienen la necesidad de usar la biblioteca tradicional o de hecho no sienten motivación para la superación personal y para avanzar.
    Ex: This article argues the need to move forward with the infotech culture without abandoning the service culture.
    Ex: Schucking noted that early step when a child's 'imagination awakes, without corresponding development of the critical faculty,' a step most children make before they reach school age = Schucking se percató de ese primer paso en el niño cuando "se despierta su imaginación sin el correspondiente desarrollo de la capacidad crítica", un paso que dan la mayoría de los niños antes de alcanzar la edad escolar.
    Ex: In the half century since the publication of McKerrow's Introduction bibliography has taken giant strides in many directions.
    Ex: The author maintains that, aside from increasing computational speed, and thus real-time control, musically no advances have been made.
    Ex: The economics journal system has not grown and developed in a structured fashion, which has resulted in overspill into report literature.
    Ex: As university libraries move along this continuum they will become evolutionary, non-hierarchical, entrepreneurial and horizontal.
    Ex: In addition, students can use the glossary to get 'unstuck' while learning.
    Ex: The company is pressing forward with the construction of an environment and a system that permit all employees to demonstrate their full capabilities.
    Ex: Kuwait is not going backwards, but definitely not moving forward.
    Ex: Finally six men agreed to go forth in their underclothes and nooses around their necks in hopeful expectation that their sacrifice would satisfy the king's bloodlust and he would spare the rest of the citizens.
    Ex: Governments are making headway in negotiations aimed at reaching an ambitious and effective global greenhouse gas reduction treaty.
    * a medida que + avanzar + el año = as the year + wear on.
    * a medida que + avanzar + el día = as the day + wear on.
    * avanzar a duras penas = flounder, grind on.
    * avanzar a toda máquina = steam ahead, go + full steam ahead.
    * avanzar a toda mecha = go + full steam ahead.
    * avanzar a toda pastilla = steam ahead, go + full steam ahead.
    * avanzar a todo gas = steam ahead, go + full steam ahead.
    * avanzar a todo meter = go + full steam ahead.
    * avanzar a todo vapor = steam ahead, go + full steam ahead.
    * avanzar a trancas y barrancas = flounder, grind on.
    * avanzar a un ritmo vertiginoso = proceed + at a blistering pace.
    * avanzar con dificultad = wade through, limp, slog along, plod (along/through).
    * avanzar con gran dificultad = grind on.
    * avanzar en + Posesivo + trabajo = advance + Posesivo + work, advance + Posesivo + work.
    * avanzar en una carrera profesional = further + a career.
    * avanzar fácilmente = coast.
    * avanzar gradualmente (hacia) = edge (toward(s)).
    * avanzar hacia = move into, move toward(s).
    * avanzar hacia abajo = work + Posesivo + way down.
    * avanzar lentamente = creep, creep along.
    * avanzar lenta y pesadamente = trundle.
    * avanzar mucho = travel + a long way down the road.
    * avanzar muy despacio = creep, creep along.
    * avanzar poco a poco = shuffle along.
    * avanzar poco a poco (hacia) = edge (toward(s)).
    * avanzar profesionalmente dentro de la institución = rise through + the ranks.
    * avanzar rápidamente = gallop.
    * avanzar viento en popa = steam ahead.
    * conforme + avanzar + el año = as the year + wear on.
    * conforme + avanzar + el día = as the day + wear on.
    * dar vueltas sin avanzar = go round in + circles.
    * hacer avanzar = nudge + Nombre + forward, push + the frontiers of, nudge + Nombre + along, nudge + Nombre + into, push + the boundaries of.
    * hacer avanzar el conocimiento = push back + the frontiers of knowledge.
    * hacer avanzar hacia = nudge + Nombre + toward.
    * hacer que + Nombre + avance = take + Nombre + a/one step forward.
    * no avanzar = tread + water.
    * no avanzar más = go + no further.
    * que avanza lentamente = crawling.
    * que avanza rápidamente = fast-developing.
    * seguir avanzando = forge + ahead, forge + forward.
    * tiempo + avanzar inexorablemente = time + march on.

    * * *
    avanzar [A4 ]
    vi
    1 «tropas/persona/tráfico» to advance, move forward avanzar HACIA algo:
    las tropas avanzan hacia la capital the troops are advancing on the capital
    el país avanza hacia la democracia the country is moving o advancing toward(s) democracy
    2 ( Fot) «rollo» to wind on
    3 «persona» (en los estudios, el trabajo) to make progress; «negociaciones/proyecto» to progress
    no estoy avanzando mucho con este trabajo I'm not making much progress o headway o I'm not getting very far with this work
    4 «tiempo» to draw on
    ■ avanzar
    vt
    1 (adelantarse) to move forward, advance
    avanzaron unos pasos they moved forward o advanced a few steps, they took a few steps forward
    2 (mover) to move … forward, advance
    avanzó un peón he moved o pushed a pawn forward, he advanced a pawn
    3 ‹propuesta› to put forward
    * * *

     

    avanzar ( conjugate avanzar) verbo intransitivo
    a) [persona/tráfico] to advance, move forward

    b) [ciencia/medicina] to advance

    c) [cinta/rollo] to wind on

    d) [ persona] (en los estudios, el trabajo) to make progress;

    [negociaciones/proyecto] to progress

    verbo transitivo

    b) ( mover) to move … forward, advance

    avanzar verbo transitivo to advance, make progress
    ' avanzar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    sacudida
    - salto
    - tantear
    - adelantar
    English:
    advance
    - come forward
    - crawl
    - edge
    - freewheel
    - go forward
    - headway
    - move
    - move along
    - pace
    - proceed
    - progress
    - struggle along
    - struggle on
    - surge
    - wind
    - fast
    - head
    - hover
    - inch
    - lumber
    - scroll
    - somewhere
    * * *
    ♦ vi
    1. [moverse] to advance;
    las tropas continúan avanzando the troops are still advancing;
    el tráfico no avanzaba the traffic wasn't moving
    2. [progresar] to make progress;
    está avanzando mucho en sus estudios she's making very good progress with her studies;
    esta tecnología avanza a gran velocidad this technology is developing very quickly
    3. [tiempo] to pass;
    el tiempo avanza muy deprisa time passes very quickly;
    a medida que avanza el siglo as the century draws on
    4. [carrete] to wind on
    ♦ vt
    1. [adelantar] to move forward;
    las tropas avanzaron sus posiciones the troops advanced their position;
    avanzaron varias posiciones en la clasificación de liga they moved up several places in the league
    2. [noticias]
    avanzar algo a alguien to inform sb of sth in advance;
    les avanzó los resultados del estudio she informed them of the results of the study before it was published
    3. [carrete] to wind on
    * * *
    I v/t
    1 move forward, advance;
    avanzar un pie take a step forward
    2 dinero advance
    II v/i
    1 advance, move forward; MIL advance ( hacia on)
    2 en trabajo make progress
    * * *
    avanzar {21} v
    : to advance, to move forward
    * * *
    1. (progresar) to make progress / to get on
    2. (ir hacia delante) to advance / to move forward

    Spanish-English dictionary > avanzar

  • 12 gigantesco

    adj.
    giant-sized, enormous, gigantic, colossal.
    * * *
    1 giant, gigantic, giant-size
    * * *
    (f. - gigantesca)
    adj.
    * * *
    ADJ gigantic, giant antes de s
    * * *
    - ca adjetivo huge, gigantic

    fue una empresa gigantesca — it was a massive o mammoth undertaking

    * * *
    = enormous, gargantuan, giant, mammoth, gigantic, monstrous, Herculean, ginormous, humongous [humungous], colossal, a monster of a, titanic, Herculanian, gianormous.
    Nota: Formado por la combinación de giant y enormous.
    Ex. In coventional libraries, such searches usually involve an enormous amount of time and energy.
    Ex. Prior to this appointment, he was Director of LC's Processing Department where his span of authority included traditional library processing functions on a gargantuan scale.
    Ex. The increasing demand for paper of all sorts, which the giant productivity of the Fourdrinier machine could easily meet, resulted in a parallel demand for rags which was soon outstripping the supply.
    Ex. The only problem is the mammoth task of interfiling new cards, especially in catalogues where there are large numbers of new or amended entries.
    Ex. Suddenly, the smell struck his nostrils -- the pungency of processed corn syrup, as if the car had gone off the road and fallen into the neck of a gigantic bottle of syrup.
    Ex. Bogardus privately resolved that nothing would induce her to assent to this monstrous possibility.
    Ex. A task of Herculean proportions is how some members of Senate describe it.
    Ex. They have a ginormous share of the market!.
    Ex. The word ' humongous' first darted onto the linguistic stage only about 1968 but hit the big time almost immediately and has been with us ever since.
    Ex. University libraries have a problem in theft of books which is running at a colossal rate.
    Ex. Hurricane Rita became a monster of a storm as it gathered strength over the Gulf of Mexico.
    Ex. He wrote about the titanic struggle of human physical and moral forces to be freed from this material world.
    Ex. The Ibbs family where founder members of this Herculanian pottery in Liverpool, England.
    Ex. The upside, and its a gianormous upside, is that there is so much variety.
    ----
    * de tamaño gigantesco = wall-sized.
    * * *
    - ca adjetivo huge, gigantic

    fue una empresa gigantesca — it was a massive o mammoth undertaking

    * * *
    = enormous, gargantuan, giant, mammoth, gigantic, monstrous, Herculean, ginormous, humongous [humungous], colossal, a monster of a, titanic, Herculanian, gianormous.
    Nota: Formado por la combinación de giant y enormous.

    Ex: In coventional libraries, such searches usually involve an enormous amount of time and energy.

    Ex: Prior to this appointment, he was Director of LC's Processing Department where his span of authority included traditional library processing functions on a gargantuan scale.
    Ex: The increasing demand for paper of all sorts, which the giant productivity of the Fourdrinier machine could easily meet, resulted in a parallel demand for rags which was soon outstripping the supply.
    Ex: The only problem is the mammoth task of interfiling new cards, especially in catalogues where there are large numbers of new or amended entries.
    Ex: Suddenly, the smell struck his nostrils -- the pungency of processed corn syrup, as if the car had gone off the road and fallen into the neck of a gigantic bottle of syrup.
    Ex: Bogardus privately resolved that nothing would induce her to assent to this monstrous possibility.
    Ex: A task of Herculean proportions is how some members of Senate describe it.
    Ex: They have a ginormous share of the market!.
    Ex: The word ' humongous' first darted onto the linguistic stage only about 1968 but hit the big time almost immediately and has been with us ever since.
    Ex: University libraries have a problem in theft of books which is running at a colossal rate.
    Ex: Hurricane Rita became a monster of a storm as it gathered strength over the Gulf of Mexico.
    Ex: He wrote about the titanic struggle of human physical and moral forces to be freed from this material world.
    Ex: The Ibbs family where founder members of this Herculanian pottery in Liverpool, England.
    Ex: The upside, and its a gianormous upside, is that there is so much variety.
    * de tamaño gigantesco = wall-sized.

    * * *
    de dimensiones gigantescas of gigantic o giant proportions
    un palacio gigantesco a huge o gigantic palace
    fue una empresa gigantesca it was a massive o mammoth o huge undertaking
    * * *

    gigantesco
    ◊ -ca adjetivo

    huge, gigantic

    ' gigantesco' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    gigantesco-a
    English:
    gigantic
    - mammoth
    - monster
    - giant
    - monstrous
    - out
    * * *
    gigantesco, -a adj
    gigantic
    * * *
    adj gigantic
    * * *
    gigantesco, -ca adj
    : gigantic, huge
    * * *
    gigantesco adj gigantic

    Spanish-English dictionary > gigantesco

  • 13 similar

    adj.
    similar.
    m.
    match, par.
    * * *
    1 similar
    * * *
    adj.
    * * *
    ADJ similar (a to)
    * * *
    adjetivo similar
    * * *
    = associated, like, similar, like-minded, collateral, nonunique [non-unique], alike, coterminous [co-terminous], parallel, suchlike, consistent, kindred.
    Nota: Véase red para otras palabras terminadas con este sufijo.
    Ex. This list makes recommendations about the use of references for the display of relationships in a catalogue, index or data base, in order to guide users between connected or associated terms.
    Ex. Inversion may offer the advantage of grouping like subjects.
    Ex. Both the author and the subject approach for nonbook materials can be regarded as broadly similar for all media.
    Ex. Directories of organizations and human resources are an excellent means of knowing who is doing what and where and assist in the networking among like-minded institutions.
    Ex. If there are two or more collateral printed texts which were set from manuscript copy, not from other printed editions, the editor must choose one or other of them as copy-text on the basis of whatever he can discover about their relative status = Si existen dos o más textos impresos similares que se compusieron a partir del mismo original, no de otras ediciones impresas, el editor debe escoger uno u otro como texto fuente a partir de aquello que pueda descubrir que los diferencie.
    Ex. Our estimation is that we have 845,000 nonunique names in the MARC data base.
    Ex. Although users are better informed than non-users, they are fairly alike in their attitudes toward such issues as capital punishment and the effect of alcohol on driving.
    Ex. Sample articles were chosen for subjects coterminous with each other for 1950, 60 and 70.
    Ex. The increasing demand for paper of all sorts, which the giant productivity of the Fourdrinier machine could easily meet, resulted in a parallel demand for rags which was soon outstripping the supply.
    Ex. I think this should all be interpreted as a challenge, rather than as a mandate for complacency or suchlike.
    Ex. In order to achieve good consistent indexing the indexer must have a thorough appreciation of the structure of the subject and the nature of the contribution that the document makes to the advancement of knowledge.
    Ex. The indexer must evaluate whether the index user will profit if a distinction is made between two kindred terms.
    ----
    * con las características similares a las de texto = text-like.
    * de forma muy similar a = in much the same way as.
    * de intereses similares = of like interest.
    * de manera similar = in a similar way.
    * de manera similar a = in a similar manner to.
    * de un modo similar = in a similar vein.
    * muy similar a = much like.
    * o algo similar = or something of that sort, or something to that effect, or something of that nature, or words to that effect.
    * para personas con intereses similares = birds-of-a-feather.
    * ser similar = be on a par.
    * ser similar a = be nothing short of.
    * similar a = akin to, of the type, along the lines of, to the effect of.
    * similar a la realidad = lifelike [life-like].
    * similar a un bolígrafo = pen-like.
    * y similares = and the kind.
    * * *
    adjetivo similar
    * * *
    = associated, like, similar, like-minded, collateral, nonunique [non-unique], alike, coterminous [co-terminous], parallel, suchlike, consistent, kindred.
    Nota: Véase red para otras palabras terminadas con este sufijo.

    Ex: This list makes recommendations about the use of references for the display of relationships in a catalogue, index or data base, in order to guide users between connected or associated terms.

    Ex: Inversion may offer the advantage of grouping like subjects.
    Ex: Both the author and the subject approach for nonbook materials can be regarded as broadly similar for all media.
    Ex: Directories of organizations and human resources are an excellent means of knowing who is doing what and where and assist in the networking among like-minded institutions.
    Ex: If there are two or more collateral printed texts which were set from manuscript copy, not from other printed editions, the editor must choose one or other of them as copy-text on the basis of whatever he can discover about their relative status = Si existen dos o más textos impresos similares que se compusieron a partir del mismo original, no de otras ediciones impresas, el editor debe escoger uno u otro como texto fuente a partir de aquello que pueda descubrir que los diferencie.
    Ex: Our estimation is that we have 845,000 nonunique names in the MARC data base.
    Ex: Although users are better informed than non-users, they are fairly alike in their attitudes toward such issues as capital punishment and the effect of alcohol on driving.
    Ex: Sample articles were chosen for subjects coterminous with each other for 1950, 60 and 70.
    Ex: The increasing demand for paper of all sorts, which the giant productivity of the Fourdrinier machine could easily meet, resulted in a parallel demand for rags which was soon outstripping the supply.
    Ex: I think this should all be interpreted as a challenge, rather than as a mandate for complacency or suchlike.
    Ex: In order to achieve good consistent indexing the indexer must have a thorough appreciation of the structure of the subject and the nature of the contribution that the document makes to the advancement of knowledge.
    Ex: The indexer must evaluate whether the index user will profit if a distinction is made between two kindred terms.
    * con las características similares a las de texto = text-like.
    * de forma muy similar a = in much the same way as.
    * de intereses similares = of like interest.
    * de manera similar = in a similar way.
    * de manera similar a = in a similar manner to.
    * de un modo similar = in a similar vein.
    * muy similar a = much like.
    * o algo similar = or something of that sort, or something to that effect, or something of that nature, or words to that effect.
    * para personas con intereses similares = birds-of-a-feather.
    * ser similar = be on a par.
    * ser similar a = be nothing short of.
    * similar a = akin to, of the type, along the lines of, to the effect of.
    * similar a la realidad = lifelike [life-like].
    * similar a un bolígrafo = pen-like.
    * y similares = and the kind.

    * * *
    similar similar A algo similar TO sth
    * * *

     

    similar adjetivo
    similar;
    similar A algo similar to sth
    similar adjetivo similar
    ' similar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    afín
    - análoga
    - análogo
    - enfoque
    - julepe
    - parecida
    - parecido
    - pareja
    - parejo
    - semejante
    - sí
    - símil
    - tenor
    - vecina
    - vecino
    - asemejar
    - carajillo
    - chueca
    - parecer
    - rayuela
    - salchichón
    - tejo
    English:
    similar
    - uncannily
    - akin
    - broadly
    - gravitate
    - kindred
    - like
    - net
    - similarly
    - unlike
    * * *
    similar adj
    similar (a to)
    * * *
    adj similar;
    y similares and the like
    * * *
    similar adj
    semejante: similar, alike
    * * *
    similar adj similar

    Spanish-English dictionary > similar

  • 14 дистанционное техническое обслуживание

    1. remote sevice
    2. remote maintenance

     

    дистанционное техническое обслуживание
    Техническое обслуживание объекта, проводимое под управлением персонала без его непосредственного присутствия.
    [ОСТ 45.152-99 ]

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU из ABB Review. Перевод компании Интент

    Service from afar

    Дистанционный сервис

    ABB’s Remote Service concept is revolutionizing the robotics industry

    Разработанная АББ концепция дистанционного обслуживания Remote Service революционизирует робототехнику

    ABB robots are found in industrial applications everywhere – lifting, packing, grinding and welding, to name a few. Robust and tireless, they work around the clock and are critical to a company’s productivity. Thus, keeping these robots in top shape is essential – any failure can lead to serious output consequences. But what happens when a robot malfunctions?

    Роботы АББ используются во всех отраслях промышленности для перемещения грузов, упаковки, шлифовки, сварки – всего и не перечислить. Надежные и неутомимые работники, способные трудиться день и ночь, они представляют большую ценность для владельца. Поэтому очень важно поддерживать их в надлежащей состоянии, ведь любой отказ может иметь серьезные последствия. Но что делать, если робот все-таки сломался?

    ABB’s new Remote Service concept holds the answer: This approach enables a malfunctioning robot to alarm for help itself. An ABB service engineer then receives whole diagnostic information via wireless technology, analyzes the data on a Web site and responds with support in just minutes. This unique service is paying off for customers and ABB alike, and in the process is revolutionizing service thinking.

    Ответом на этот вопрос стала новая концепция Remote Service от АББ, согласно которой неисправный робот сам просит о помощи. C помощью беспроводной технологии специалист сервисной службы АББ получает всю необходимую диагностическую информацию, анализирует данные на web-сайте и через считанные минуты выдает рекомендации по устранению отказа. Эта уникальная возможность одинаково ценна как для заказчиков, так и для самой компании АББ. В перспективе она способна в корне изменить весь подход к организации технического обслуживания.

    Every minute of production downtime can have financially disastrous consequences for a company. Traditional reactive service is no longer sufficient since on-site service engineer visits also demand great amounts of time and money. Thus, companies not only require faster help from the service organization when needed but they also want to avoid disturbances in production.

    Каждая минута простоя производства может привести к губительным финансовым последствиям. Традиционная организация сервиса, предусматривающая ликвидацию возникающих неисправностей, становится все менее эффективной, поскольку вызов сервисного инженера на место эксплуатации робота сопряжен с большими затратами времени и денег. Предприятия требуют от сервисной организации не только более быстрого оказания помощи, но и предотвращения возможных сбоев производства.

    In 2006, ABB developed a new approach to better meet customer’s expectations: Using the latest technologies to reach the robots at customer sites around the world, ABB could support them remotely in just minutes, thereby reducing the need for site visits. Thus the new Remote Service concept was quickly brought to fruition and was launched in mid-2007. Statistics show that by using the system the majority of production stoppages can be avoided.

    В 2006 г. компания АББ разработала новый подход к удовлетворению ожиданий своих заказчиков. Использование современных технологий позволяет специалистам АББ получать информацию от роботов из любой точки мира и в считанные минуты оказывать помощь дистанционно, в результате чего сокращается количество выездов на место установки. Запущенная в середине 2007 г. концепция Remote Service быстро себя оправдала. Статистика показывает, что её применение позволило предотвратить большое число остановок производства.

    Reactive maintenance The hardware that makes ABB Remote Service possible consists of a communication unit, which has a function similar to that of an airplane’s so-called black box 1. This “service box” is connected to the robot’s control system and can read and transmit diagnostic information. The unit not only reads critical diagnostic information that enables immediate support in the event of a failure, but also makes it possible to monitor and analyze the robot’s condition, thereby proactively detecting the need for maintenance.

    Устранение возникающих неисправностей Аппаратное устройство, с помощью которого реализуется концепция Remote Service, представляет собой коммуникационный блок, работающий аналогично черному ящику самолета (рис. 1). Этот блок считывает диагностические данные из контроллера робота и передает их по каналу GSM. Считывается не только информация, необходимая для оказания немедленной помощи в случае отказа, но и сведения, позволяющие контролировать и анализировать состояние робота для прогнозирования неисправностей и планирования технического обслуживания.

    If the robot breaks down, the service box immediately stores the status of the robot, its historical data (as log files), and diagnostic parameters such as temperature and power supply. Equipped with a built-in modem and using the GSM network, the box transmits the data to a central server for analysis and presentation on a dedicated Web site. Alerts are automatically sent to the nearest of ABB’s 1,200 robot service engineers who then accesses the detailed data and error log to analyze the problem.

    При поломке робота сервисный блок немедленно сохраняет данные о его состоянии, сведения из рабочего журнала, а также значения диагностических параметров (температура и характеристики питания). Эти данные передаются встроенным GSM-модемом на центральный сервер для анализа и представления на соответствующем web-сайте. Аварийные сообщения автоматически пересылаются ближайшему к месту аварии одному из 1200 сервисных инженеров-робототехников АББ, который получает доступ к детальной информации и журналу аварий для анализа возникшей проблемы.

    A remotely based ABB engineer can then quickly identify the exact fault, offering rapid customer support. For problems that cannot be solved remotely, the service engineer can arrange for quick delivery of spare parts and visit the site to repair the robot. Even if the engineer must make a site visit, service is faster, more efficient and performed to a higher standard than otherwise possible.

    Специалист АББ может дистанционно идентифицировать отказ и оказать быструю помощь заказчику. Если неисправность не может быть устранена дистанционно, сервисный инженер организовывает доставку запасных частей и выезд ремонтной бригады. Даже если необходимо разрешение проблемы на месте, предшествующая дистанционная диагностика позволяет минимизировать объем работ и сократить время простоя.

    Remote Service enables engineers to “talk” to robots remotely and to utilize tools that enable smart, fast and automatic analysis. The system is based on a machine-to-machine (M2M) concept, which works automatically, requiring human input only for analysis and personalized customer recommendations. ABB was recognized for this innovative solution at the M2M United Conference in Chicago in 2008 Factbox.

    Remote Service позволяет инженерам «разговаривать» с роботами на расстоянии и предоставляет в их распоряжение интеллектуальные средства быстрого автоматизированного анализа. Система основана на основе технологии автоматической связи машины с машиной (M2M), где участие человека сводится к анализу данных и выдаче рекомендаций клиенту. В 2008 г. это инновационное решение от АББ получило приз на конференции M2M United Conference в Чикаго (см. вставку).

    Proactive maintenance 
    Remote Service also allows ABB engineers to monitor and detect potential problems in the robot system and opens up new possibilities for proactive maintenance.

    Прогнозирование неисправностей
    Remote Service позволяет инженерам АББ дистанционно контролировать состояние роботов и прогнозировать возможные неисправности, что открывает новые возможности по организации профилактического обслуживания.

    The service box regularly takes condition measurements. By monitoring key parameters over time, Remote Service can identify potential failures and when necessary notify both the end customer and the appropriate ABB engineer. The management and storage of full system backups is a very powerful service to help recover from critical situations caused, for example, by operator errors.

    Сервисный блок регулярно выполняет диагностические измерения. Непрерывно контролируя ключевые параметры, Remote Service может распознать потенциальные опасности и, при необходимости, оповещать владельца оборудования и соответствующего специалиста АББ. Резервирование данных для возможного отката является мощным средством, обеспечивающим восстановление системы в критических ситуациях, например, после ошибки оператора.

    The first Remote Service installation took place in the automotive industry in the United States and quickly proved its value. The motherboard in a robot cabinet overheated and the rise in temperature triggered an alarm via Remote Service. Because of the alarm, engineers were able to replace a faulty fan, preventing a costly production shutdown.

    Первая система Remote Service была установлена на автозаводе в США и очень скоро была оценена по достоинству. Она обнаружила перегрев материнской платы в шкафу управления роботом и передала сигнал о превышении допустимой температуры, благодаря чему инженеры смогли заменить неисправный вентилятор и предотвратить дорогостоящую остановку производства.

    MyRobot: 24-hour remote access
    Having regular access to a robot’s condition data is also essential to achieving lean production. At any time, from any location, customers can verify their robots’ status and access maintenance information and performance reports simply by logging in to ABB’s MyRobot Web site. The service enables customers to easily compare performances, identify bottlenecks or developing issues, and initiate the most

    Сайт MyRobot: круглосуточный дистанционный доступ
    Для того чтобы обеспечить бесперебойное производство, необходимо иметь регулярный доступ к информации о состоянии робота. Зайдя на соответствующую страницу сайта MyRobot компании АББ, заказчики получат все необходимые данные, включая сведения о техническом обслуживании и отчеты о производительности своего робота. Эта услуга позволяет легко сравнивать данные о производительности, обнаруживать возможные проблемы, а также оптимизировать планирование технического обслуживания и модернизации. С помощью MyRobot можно значительно увеличить выпуск продукции и уменьшить количество выбросов.

    Award-winning solution
    In June 2008, the innovative Remote Service solution won the Gold Value Chain award at the M2M United Conference in Chicago. The value chain award honors successful corporate adopters of M2M (machine–to-machine) technology and highlights the process of combining multiple technologies to deliver high-quality services to customers. ABB won in the categoryof Smart Services.

    Приз за удачное решение
    В июне 2008 г. инновационное решение Remote Service получило награду Gold Value Chain (Золотая цепь) на конференции M2M United Conference в Чикаго. «Золотая цепь» присуждается за успешное масштабное внедрение технологии M2M (машина – машина), а также за достижения в объединении различных технологий для предоставления высококачественных услуг заказчикам. АББ одержала победу в номинации «Интеллектуальный сервис».

    Case study: Tetley Tetley GB Ltd is the world’s second-largest manufacturer and distributor of tea. The company’s manufacturing and distribution business is spread across 40 countries and sells over 60 branded tea bags. Tetley’s UK tea production facility in Eaglescliffe, County Durham is the sole producer of Tetley tea bags 2.

    Пример применения: Tetley Компания TetleyGB Ltd является вторым по величине мировым производителем и поставщиком чая. Производственные и торговые филиалы компании имеются в 40 странах, а продукция распространяется под 60 торговыми марками. Чаеразвесочная фабрика в Иглсклифф, графство Дарем, Великобритания – единственный производитель чая Tetley в пакетиках (рис. 2).

    ABB offers a flexible choice of service agreements for both new and existing robot installations, which can help extend the mean time between failures, shorten the time to repair and lower the cost of automated production.

    Предлагаемые АББ контракты на выполнение технического обслуживания как уже имеющихся, так и вновь устанавливаемых роботов, позволяют значительно увеличить среднюю наработку на отказ, сократить время ремонта и общую стоимость автоматизированного производства.

    Robots in the plant’s production line were tripping alarms and delaying the whole production cycle. The spurious alarms resulted in much unnecessary downtime that was spent resetting the robots in the hope that another breakdown could be avoided. Each time an alarm was tripped, several hours of production time was lost. “It was for this reason that we were keen to try out ABB’s Remote Service agreement,” said Colin Trevor, plant maintenance manager.

    Установленные в технологической линии роботы выдавали аварийные сигналы, задерживающие выполнение производственного цикла. Ложные срабатывания вынуждали перезапускать роботов в надежде предотвратить возможные отказы, в результате чего после каждого аварийного сигнала производство останавливалось на несколько часов. «Именно поэтому мы решили попробовать заключить с АББ контракт на дистанционное техническое обслуживание», – сказал Колин Тревор, начальник технической службы фабрики.

    To prevent future disruptions caused by unplanned downtime, Tetley signed an ABB Response Package service agreement, which included installing a service box and system infrastructure into the robot control systems. Using the Remote Service solution, ABB remotely monitors and collects data on the “wear and tear” and productivity of the robotic cells; this data is then shared with the customer and contributes to smooth-running production cycles.

    Для предотвращения ущерба в результате незапланированных простоев Tetley заключила с АББ контракт на комплексное обслуживание Response Package, согласно которому системы управления роботами были дооборудованы сервисными блоками с необходимой инфраструктурой. С помощью Remote Service компания АББ дистанционно собирает данные о наработке, износе и производительности роботизированных модулей. Эти данные предоставляются заказчику для оптимизации загрузки производственного оборудования.

    Higher production uptime
    Since the implementation of Remote Service, Tetley has enjoyed greatly reduced robot downtime, with no further disruptions caused by unforeseen problems. “The Remote Service package has dramatically changed the plant,” said Trevor. “We no longer have breakdown issues throughout the shift, helping us to achieve much longer periods of robot uptime. As we have learned, world-class manufacturing facilities need world-class support packages. Remote monitoring of our robots helps us to maintain machine uptime, prevent costly downtime and ensures my employees can be put to more valuable use.”

    Увеличение полезного времени
    С момента внедрения Remote Service компания Tetley была приятно удивлена резким сокращением простоя роботов и отсутствием незапланированных остановок производства. «Пакет Remote Service резко изменил ситуацию на предприятии», – сказал Тревор. «Мы избавились от простоев роботов и смогли резко увеличить их эксплуатационную готовность. Мы поняли, что для производственного оборудования мирового класса необходим сервисный пакет мирового класса. Дистанционный контроль роботов помогает нам поддерживать их в рабочем состоянии, предотвращать дорогостоящие простои и задействовать наш персонал для выполнения более важных задач».

    Service access
    Remote Service is available worldwide, connecting more than 500 robots. Companies that have up to 30 robots are often good candidates for the Remote Service offering, as they usually have neither the engineers nor the requisite skills to deal with robotics faults themselves. Larger companies are also enthusiastic about Remote Service, as the proactive services will improve the lifetime of their equipment and increase overall production uptime.

    Доступность сервиса
    Сеть Remote Service охватывает более 700 роботов по всему миру. Потенциальными заказчиками Remote Service являются компании, имеющие до 30 роботов, но не имеющие инженеров и техников, способных самостоятельно устранять их неисправности. Интерес к Remote Service проявляют и более крупные компании, поскольку они заинтересованы в увеличении срока службы и эксплуатационной готовности производственного оборудования.

    In today’s competitive environment, business profitability often relies on demanding production schedules that do not always leave time for exhaustive or repeated equipment health checks. ABB’s Remote Service agreements are designed to monitor its customers’ robots to identify when problems are likely to occur and ensure that help is dispatched before the problem can escalate. In over 60 percent of ABB’s service calls, its robots can be brought back online remotely, without further intervention.

    В условиях современной конкуренции окупаемость бизнеса часто зависит от соблюдения жестких графиков производства, не оставляющих времени для полномасштабных или периодических проверок исправности оборудования. Контракт Remote Service предусматривает мониторинг состояния роботов заказчика для прогнозирования возможных неисправностей и принятие мер по их предотвращению. В более чем 60 % случаев для устранения неисправности достаточно дистанционной консультации в сервисной службе АББ, дальнейшего вмешательства не требуется.

    ABB offers a flexible choice of service agreements for both new and existing robot installations, which helps extend the mean time between failures, shorten the time to repair and lower the total cost of ownership. With four new packages available – Support, Response, Maintenance and Warranty, each backed up by ABB’s Remote Service technology – businesses can minimize the impact of unplanned downtime and achieve improved production-line efficiency.

    Компания АББ предлагает гибкий выбор контрактов на выполнение технического обслуживания как уже имеющихся, так и вновь устанавливаемых роботов, которые позволяют значительно увеличить среднюю наработку на отказ, сократить время ремонта и эксплуатационные расходы. Четыре новых пакета на основе технологии Remote Service – Support, Response, Maintenance и Warranty – позволяют минимизировать внеплановые простои и значительно повысить эффективность производства.

    The benefits of Remote Sevice are clear: improved availability, fewer service visits, lower maintenance costs and maximized total cost of ownership. This unique service sets ABB apart from its competitors and is the beginning of a revolution in service thinking. It provides ABB with a great opportunity to improve customer access to its expertise and develop more advanced services worldwide.

    Преимущества дистанционного технического обслуживания очевидны: повышенная надежность, уменьшение выездов ремонтных бригад, уменьшение затрат на обслуживание и общих эксплуатационных расходов. Эта уникальная услуга дает компании АББ преимущества над конкурентами и демонстрирует революционный подход к организации сервиса. Благодаря ей компания АББ расширяет доступ заказчиков к опыту своих специалистов и получает возможность более эффективного оказания технической помощи по всему миру.

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    Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > дистанционное техническое обслуживание

  • 15 remote maintenance

    1. дистанционное техническое обслуживание

     

    дистанционное техническое обслуживание
    Техническое обслуживание объекта, проводимое под управлением персонала без его непосредственного присутствия.
    [ОСТ 45.152-99 ]

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU из ABB Review. Перевод компании Интент

    Service from afar

    Дистанционный сервис

    ABB’s Remote Service concept is revolutionizing the robotics industry

    Разработанная АББ концепция дистанционного обслуживания Remote Service революционизирует робототехнику

    ABB robots are found in industrial applications everywhere – lifting, packing, grinding and welding, to name a few. Robust and tireless, they work around the clock and are critical to a company’s productivity. Thus, keeping these robots in top shape is essential – any failure can lead to serious output consequences. But what happens when a robot malfunctions?

    Роботы АББ используются во всех отраслях промышленности для перемещения грузов, упаковки, шлифовки, сварки – всего и не перечислить. Надежные и неутомимые работники, способные трудиться день и ночь, они представляют большую ценность для владельца. Поэтому очень важно поддерживать их в надлежащей состоянии, ведь любой отказ может иметь серьезные последствия. Но что делать, если робот все-таки сломался?

    ABB’s new Remote Service concept holds the answer: This approach enables a malfunctioning robot to alarm for help itself. An ABB service engineer then receives whole diagnostic information via wireless technology, analyzes the data on a Web site and responds with support in just minutes. This unique service is paying off for customers and ABB alike, and in the process is revolutionizing service thinking.

    Ответом на этот вопрос стала новая концепция Remote Service от АББ, согласно которой неисправный робот сам просит о помощи. C помощью беспроводной технологии специалист сервисной службы АББ получает всю необходимую диагностическую информацию, анализирует данные на web-сайте и через считанные минуты выдает рекомендации по устранению отказа. Эта уникальная возможность одинаково ценна как для заказчиков, так и для самой компании АББ. В перспективе она способна в корне изменить весь подход к организации технического обслуживания.

    Every minute of production downtime can have financially disastrous consequences for a company. Traditional reactive service is no longer sufficient since on-site service engineer visits also demand great amounts of time and money. Thus, companies not only require faster help from the service organization when needed but they also want to avoid disturbances in production.

    Каждая минута простоя производства может привести к губительным финансовым последствиям. Традиционная организация сервиса, предусматривающая ликвидацию возникающих неисправностей, становится все менее эффективной, поскольку вызов сервисного инженера на место эксплуатации робота сопряжен с большими затратами времени и денег. Предприятия требуют от сервисной организации не только более быстрого оказания помощи, но и предотвращения возможных сбоев производства.

    In 2006, ABB developed a new approach to better meet customer’s expectations: Using the latest technologies to reach the robots at customer sites around the world, ABB could support them remotely in just minutes, thereby reducing the need for site visits. Thus the new Remote Service concept was quickly brought to fruition and was launched in mid-2007. Statistics show that by using the system the majority of production stoppages can be avoided.

    В 2006 г. компания АББ разработала новый подход к удовлетворению ожиданий своих заказчиков. Использование современных технологий позволяет специалистам АББ получать информацию от роботов из любой точки мира и в считанные минуты оказывать помощь дистанционно, в результате чего сокращается количество выездов на место установки. Запущенная в середине 2007 г. концепция Remote Service быстро себя оправдала. Статистика показывает, что её применение позволило предотвратить большое число остановок производства.

    Reactive maintenance The hardware that makes ABB Remote Service possible consists of a communication unit, which has a function similar to that of an airplane’s so-called black box 1. This “service box” is connected to the robot’s control system and can read and transmit diagnostic information. The unit not only reads critical diagnostic information that enables immediate support in the event of a failure, but also makes it possible to monitor and analyze the robot’s condition, thereby proactively detecting the need for maintenance.

    Устранение возникающих неисправностей Аппаратное устройство, с помощью которого реализуется концепция Remote Service, представляет собой коммуникационный блок, работающий аналогично черному ящику самолета (рис. 1). Этот блок считывает диагностические данные из контроллера робота и передает их по каналу GSM. Считывается не только информация, необходимая для оказания немедленной помощи в случае отказа, но и сведения, позволяющие контролировать и анализировать состояние робота для прогнозирования неисправностей и планирования технического обслуживания.

    If the robot breaks down, the service box immediately stores the status of the robot, its historical data (as log files), and diagnostic parameters such as temperature and power supply. Equipped with a built-in modem and using the GSM network, the box transmits the data to a central server for analysis and presentation on a dedicated Web site. Alerts are automatically sent to the nearest of ABB’s 1,200 robot service engineers who then accesses the detailed data and error log to analyze the problem.

    При поломке робота сервисный блок немедленно сохраняет данные о его состоянии, сведения из рабочего журнала, а также значения диагностических параметров (температура и характеристики питания). Эти данные передаются встроенным GSM-модемом на центральный сервер для анализа и представления на соответствующем web-сайте. Аварийные сообщения автоматически пересылаются ближайшему к месту аварии одному из 1200 сервисных инженеров-робототехников АББ, который получает доступ к детальной информации и журналу аварий для анализа возникшей проблемы.

    A remotely based ABB engineer can then quickly identify the exact fault, offering rapid customer support. For problems that cannot be solved remotely, the service engineer can arrange for quick delivery of spare parts and visit the site to repair the robot. Even if the engineer must make a site visit, service is faster, more efficient and performed to a higher standard than otherwise possible.

    Специалист АББ может дистанционно идентифицировать отказ и оказать быструю помощь заказчику. Если неисправность не может быть устранена дистанционно, сервисный инженер организовывает доставку запасных частей и выезд ремонтной бригады. Даже если необходимо разрешение проблемы на месте, предшествующая дистанционная диагностика позволяет минимизировать объем работ и сократить время простоя.

    Remote Service enables engineers to “talk” to robots remotely and to utilize tools that enable smart, fast and automatic analysis. The system is based on a machine-to-machine (M2M) concept, which works automatically, requiring human input only for analysis and personalized customer recommendations. ABB was recognized for this innovative solution at the M2M United Conference in Chicago in 2008 Factbox.

    Remote Service позволяет инженерам «разговаривать» с роботами на расстоянии и предоставляет в их распоряжение интеллектуальные средства быстрого автоматизированного анализа. Система основана на основе технологии автоматической связи машины с машиной (M2M), где участие человека сводится к анализу данных и выдаче рекомендаций клиенту. В 2008 г. это инновационное решение от АББ получило приз на конференции M2M United Conference в Чикаго (см. вставку).

    Proactive maintenance 
    Remote Service also allows ABB engineers to monitor and detect potential problems in the robot system and opens up new possibilities for proactive maintenance.

    Прогнозирование неисправностей
    Remote Service позволяет инженерам АББ дистанционно контролировать состояние роботов и прогнозировать возможные неисправности, что открывает новые возможности по организации профилактического обслуживания.

    The service box regularly takes condition measurements. By monitoring key parameters over time, Remote Service can identify potential failures and when necessary notify both the end customer and the appropriate ABB engineer. The management and storage of full system backups is a very powerful service to help recover from critical situations caused, for example, by operator errors.

    Сервисный блок регулярно выполняет диагностические измерения. Непрерывно контролируя ключевые параметры, Remote Service может распознать потенциальные опасности и, при необходимости, оповещать владельца оборудования и соответствующего специалиста АББ. Резервирование данных для возможного отката является мощным средством, обеспечивающим восстановление системы в критических ситуациях, например, после ошибки оператора.

    The first Remote Service installation took place in the automotive industry in the United States and quickly proved its value. The motherboard in a robot cabinet overheated and the rise in temperature triggered an alarm via Remote Service. Because of the alarm, engineers were able to replace a faulty fan, preventing a costly production shutdown.

    Первая система Remote Service была установлена на автозаводе в США и очень скоро была оценена по достоинству. Она обнаружила перегрев материнской платы в шкафу управления роботом и передала сигнал о превышении допустимой температуры, благодаря чему инженеры смогли заменить неисправный вентилятор и предотвратить дорогостоящую остановку производства.

    MyRobot: 24-hour remote access
    Having regular access to a robot’s condition data is also essential to achieving lean production. At any time, from any location, customers can verify their robots’ status and access maintenance information and performance reports simply by logging in to ABB’s MyRobot Web site. The service enables customers to easily compare performances, identify bottlenecks or developing issues, and initiate the most

    Сайт MyRobot: круглосуточный дистанционный доступ
    Для того чтобы обеспечить бесперебойное производство, необходимо иметь регулярный доступ к информации о состоянии робота. Зайдя на соответствующую страницу сайта MyRobot компании АББ, заказчики получат все необходимые данные, включая сведения о техническом обслуживании и отчеты о производительности своего робота. Эта услуга позволяет легко сравнивать данные о производительности, обнаруживать возможные проблемы, а также оптимизировать планирование технического обслуживания и модернизации. С помощью MyRobot можно значительно увеличить выпуск продукции и уменьшить количество выбросов.

    Award-winning solution
    In June 2008, the innovative Remote Service solution won the Gold Value Chain award at the M2M United Conference in Chicago. The value chain award honors successful corporate adopters of M2M (machine–to-machine) technology and highlights the process of combining multiple technologies to deliver high-quality services to customers. ABB won in the categoryof Smart Services.

    Приз за удачное решение
    В июне 2008 г. инновационное решение Remote Service получило награду Gold Value Chain (Золотая цепь) на конференции M2M United Conference в Чикаго. «Золотая цепь» присуждается за успешное масштабное внедрение технологии M2M (машина – машина), а также за достижения в объединении различных технологий для предоставления высококачественных услуг заказчикам. АББ одержала победу в номинации «Интеллектуальный сервис».

    Case study: Tetley Tetley GB Ltd is the world’s second-largest manufacturer and distributor of tea. The company’s manufacturing and distribution business is spread across 40 countries and sells over 60 branded tea bags. Tetley’s UK tea production facility in Eaglescliffe, County Durham is the sole producer of Tetley tea bags 2.

    Пример применения: Tetley Компания TetleyGB Ltd является вторым по величине мировым производителем и поставщиком чая. Производственные и торговые филиалы компании имеются в 40 странах, а продукция распространяется под 60 торговыми марками. Чаеразвесочная фабрика в Иглсклифф, графство Дарем, Великобритания – единственный производитель чая Tetley в пакетиках (рис. 2).

    ABB offers a flexible choice of service agreements for both new and existing robot installations, which can help extend the mean time between failures, shorten the time to repair and lower the cost of automated production.

    Предлагаемые АББ контракты на выполнение технического обслуживания как уже имеющихся, так и вновь устанавливаемых роботов, позволяют значительно увеличить среднюю наработку на отказ, сократить время ремонта и общую стоимость автоматизированного производства.

    Robots in the plant’s production line were tripping alarms and delaying the whole production cycle. The spurious alarms resulted in much unnecessary downtime that was spent resetting the robots in the hope that another breakdown could be avoided. Each time an alarm was tripped, several hours of production time was lost. “It was for this reason that we were keen to try out ABB’s Remote Service agreement,” said Colin Trevor, plant maintenance manager.

    Установленные в технологической линии роботы выдавали аварийные сигналы, задерживающие выполнение производственного цикла. Ложные срабатывания вынуждали перезапускать роботов в надежде предотвратить возможные отказы, в результате чего после каждого аварийного сигнала производство останавливалось на несколько часов. «Именно поэтому мы решили попробовать заключить с АББ контракт на дистанционное техническое обслуживание», – сказал Колин Тревор, начальник технической службы фабрики.

    To prevent future disruptions caused by unplanned downtime, Tetley signed an ABB Response Package service agreement, which included installing a service box and system infrastructure into the robot control systems. Using the Remote Service solution, ABB remotely monitors and collects data on the “wear and tear” and productivity of the robotic cells; this data is then shared with the customer and contributes to smooth-running production cycles.

    Для предотвращения ущерба в результате незапланированных простоев Tetley заключила с АББ контракт на комплексное обслуживание Response Package, согласно которому системы управления роботами были дооборудованы сервисными блоками с необходимой инфраструктурой. С помощью Remote Service компания АББ дистанционно собирает данные о наработке, износе и производительности роботизированных модулей. Эти данные предоставляются заказчику для оптимизации загрузки производственного оборудования.

    Higher production uptime
    Since the implementation of Remote Service, Tetley has enjoyed greatly reduced robot downtime, with no further disruptions caused by unforeseen problems. “The Remote Service package has dramatically changed the plant,” said Trevor. “We no longer have breakdown issues throughout the shift, helping us to achieve much longer periods of robot uptime. As we have learned, world-class manufacturing facilities need world-class support packages. Remote monitoring of our robots helps us to maintain machine uptime, prevent costly downtime and ensures my employees can be put to more valuable use.”

    Увеличение полезного времени
    С момента внедрения Remote Service компания Tetley была приятно удивлена резким сокращением простоя роботов и отсутствием незапланированных остановок производства. «Пакет Remote Service резко изменил ситуацию на предприятии», – сказал Тревор. «Мы избавились от простоев роботов и смогли резко увеличить их эксплуатационную готовность. Мы поняли, что для производственного оборудования мирового класса необходим сервисный пакет мирового класса. Дистанционный контроль роботов помогает нам поддерживать их в рабочем состоянии, предотвращать дорогостоящие простои и задействовать наш персонал для выполнения более важных задач».

    Service access
    Remote Service is available worldwide, connecting more than 500 robots. Companies that have up to 30 robots are often good candidates for the Remote Service offering, as they usually have neither the engineers nor the requisite skills to deal with robotics faults themselves. Larger companies are also enthusiastic about Remote Service, as the proactive services will improve the lifetime of their equipment and increase overall production uptime.

    Доступность сервиса
    Сеть Remote Service охватывает более 700 роботов по всему миру. Потенциальными заказчиками Remote Service являются компании, имеющие до 30 роботов, но не имеющие инженеров и техников, способных самостоятельно устранять их неисправности. Интерес к Remote Service проявляют и более крупные компании, поскольку они заинтересованы в увеличении срока службы и эксплуатационной готовности производственного оборудования.

    In today’s competitive environment, business profitability often relies on demanding production schedules that do not always leave time for exhaustive or repeated equipment health checks. ABB’s Remote Service agreements are designed to monitor its customers’ robots to identify when problems are likely to occur and ensure that help is dispatched before the problem can escalate. In over 60 percent of ABB’s service calls, its robots can be brought back online remotely, without further intervention.

    В условиях современной конкуренции окупаемость бизнеса часто зависит от соблюдения жестких графиков производства, не оставляющих времени для полномасштабных или периодических проверок исправности оборудования. Контракт Remote Service предусматривает мониторинг состояния роботов заказчика для прогнозирования возможных неисправностей и принятие мер по их предотвращению. В более чем 60 % случаев для устранения неисправности достаточно дистанционной консультации в сервисной службе АББ, дальнейшего вмешательства не требуется.

    ABB offers a flexible choice of service agreements for both new and existing robot installations, which helps extend the mean time between failures, shorten the time to repair and lower the total cost of ownership. With four new packages available – Support, Response, Maintenance and Warranty, each backed up by ABB’s Remote Service technology – businesses can minimize the impact of unplanned downtime and achieve improved production-line efficiency.

    Компания АББ предлагает гибкий выбор контрактов на выполнение технического обслуживания как уже имеющихся, так и вновь устанавливаемых роботов, которые позволяют значительно увеличить среднюю наработку на отказ, сократить время ремонта и эксплуатационные расходы. Четыре новых пакета на основе технологии Remote Service – Support, Response, Maintenance и Warranty – позволяют минимизировать внеплановые простои и значительно повысить эффективность производства.

    The benefits of Remote Sevice are clear: improved availability, fewer service visits, lower maintenance costs and maximized total cost of ownership. This unique service sets ABB apart from its competitors and is the beginning of a revolution in service thinking. It provides ABB with a great opportunity to improve customer access to its expertise and develop more advanced services worldwide.

    Преимущества дистанционного технического обслуживания очевидны: повышенная надежность, уменьшение выездов ремонтных бригад, уменьшение затрат на обслуживание и общих эксплуатационных расходов. Эта уникальная услуга дает компании АББ преимущества над конкурентами и демонстрирует революционный подход к организации сервиса. Благодаря ей компания АББ расширяет доступ заказчиков к опыту своих специалистов и получает возможность более эффективного оказания технической помощи по всему миру.

    Тематики

    • тех. обсл. и ремонт средств электросвязи

    Обобщающие термины

    EN

    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > remote maintenance

  • 16 remote sevice

    1. дистанционное техническое обслуживание

     

    дистанционное техническое обслуживание
    Техническое обслуживание объекта, проводимое под управлением персонала без его непосредственного присутствия.
    [ОСТ 45.152-99 ]

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU из ABB Review. Перевод компании Интент

    Service from afar

    Дистанционный сервис

    ABB’s Remote Service concept is revolutionizing the robotics industry

    Разработанная АББ концепция дистанционного обслуживания Remote Service революционизирует робототехнику

    ABB robots are found in industrial applications everywhere – lifting, packing, grinding and welding, to name a few. Robust and tireless, they work around the clock and are critical to a company’s productivity. Thus, keeping these robots in top shape is essential – any failure can lead to serious output consequences. But what happens when a robot malfunctions?

    Роботы АББ используются во всех отраслях промышленности для перемещения грузов, упаковки, шлифовки, сварки – всего и не перечислить. Надежные и неутомимые работники, способные трудиться день и ночь, они представляют большую ценность для владельца. Поэтому очень важно поддерживать их в надлежащей состоянии, ведь любой отказ может иметь серьезные последствия. Но что делать, если робот все-таки сломался?

    ABB’s new Remote Service concept holds the answer: This approach enables a malfunctioning robot to alarm for help itself. An ABB service engineer then receives whole diagnostic information via wireless technology, analyzes the data on a Web site and responds with support in just minutes. This unique service is paying off for customers and ABB alike, and in the process is revolutionizing service thinking.

    Ответом на этот вопрос стала новая концепция Remote Service от АББ, согласно которой неисправный робот сам просит о помощи. C помощью беспроводной технологии специалист сервисной службы АББ получает всю необходимую диагностическую информацию, анализирует данные на web-сайте и через считанные минуты выдает рекомендации по устранению отказа. Эта уникальная возможность одинаково ценна как для заказчиков, так и для самой компании АББ. В перспективе она способна в корне изменить весь подход к организации технического обслуживания.

    Every minute of production downtime can have financially disastrous consequences for a company. Traditional reactive service is no longer sufficient since on-site service engineer visits also demand great amounts of time and money. Thus, companies not only require faster help from the service organization when needed but they also want to avoid disturbances in production.

    Каждая минута простоя производства может привести к губительным финансовым последствиям. Традиционная организация сервиса, предусматривающая ликвидацию возникающих неисправностей, становится все менее эффективной, поскольку вызов сервисного инженера на место эксплуатации робота сопряжен с большими затратами времени и денег. Предприятия требуют от сервисной организации не только более быстрого оказания помощи, но и предотвращения возможных сбоев производства.

    In 2006, ABB developed a new approach to better meet customer’s expectations: Using the latest technologies to reach the robots at customer sites around the world, ABB could support them remotely in just minutes, thereby reducing the need for site visits. Thus the new Remote Service concept was quickly brought to fruition and was launched in mid-2007. Statistics show that by using the system the majority of production stoppages can be avoided.

    В 2006 г. компания АББ разработала новый подход к удовлетворению ожиданий своих заказчиков. Использование современных технологий позволяет специалистам АББ получать информацию от роботов из любой точки мира и в считанные минуты оказывать помощь дистанционно, в результате чего сокращается количество выездов на место установки. Запущенная в середине 2007 г. концепция Remote Service быстро себя оправдала. Статистика показывает, что её применение позволило предотвратить большое число остановок производства.

    Reactive maintenance The hardware that makes ABB Remote Service possible consists of a communication unit, which has a function similar to that of an airplane’s so-called black box 1. This “service box” is connected to the robot’s control system and can read and transmit diagnostic information. The unit not only reads critical diagnostic information that enables immediate support in the event of a failure, but also makes it possible to monitor and analyze the robot’s condition, thereby proactively detecting the need for maintenance.

    Устранение возникающих неисправностей Аппаратное устройство, с помощью которого реализуется концепция Remote Service, представляет собой коммуникационный блок, работающий аналогично черному ящику самолета (рис. 1). Этот блок считывает диагностические данные из контроллера робота и передает их по каналу GSM. Считывается не только информация, необходимая для оказания немедленной помощи в случае отказа, но и сведения, позволяющие контролировать и анализировать состояние робота для прогнозирования неисправностей и планирования технического обслуживания.

    If the robot breaks down, the service box immediately stores the status of the robot, its historical data (as log files), and diagnostic parameters such as temperature and power supply. Equipped with a built-in modem and using the GSM network, the box transmits the data to a central server for analysis and presentation on a dedicated Web site. Alerts are automatically sent to the nearest of ABB’s 1,200 robot service engineers who then accesses the detailed data and error log to analyze the problem.

    При поломке робота сервисный блок немедленно сохраняет данные о его состоянии, сведения из рабочего журнала, а также значения диагностических параметров (температура и характеристики питания). Эти данные передаются встроенным GSM-модемом на центральный сервер для анализа и представления на соответствующем web-сайте. Аварийные сообщения автоматически пересылаются ближайшему к месту аварии одному из 1200 сервисных инженеров-робототехников АББ, который получает доступ к детальной информации и журналу аварий для анализа возникшей проблемы.

    A remotely based ABB engineer can then quickly identify the exact fault, offering rapid customer support. For problems that cannot be solved remotely, the service engineer can arrange for quick delivery of spare parts and visit the site to repair the robot. Even if the engineer must make a site visit, service is faster, more efficient and performed to a higher standard than otherwise possible.

    Специалист АББ может дистанционно идентифицировать отказ и оказать быструю помощь заказчику. Если неисправность не может быть устранена дистанционно, сервисный инженер организовывает доставку запасных частей и выезд ремонтной бригады. Даже если необходимо разрешение проблемы на месте, предшествующая дистанционная диагностика позволяет минимизировать объем работ и сократить время простоя.

    Remote Service enables engineers to “talk” to robots remotely and to utilize tools that enable smart, fast and automatic analysis. The system is based on a machine-to-machine (M2M) concept, which works automatically, requiring human input only for analysis and personalized customer recommendations. ABB was recognized for this innovative solution at the M2M United Conference in Chicago in 2008 Factbox.

    Remote Service позволяет инженерам «разговаривать» с роботами на расстоянии и предоставляет в их распоряжение интеллектуальные средства быстрого автоматизированного анализа. Система основана на основе технологии автоматической связи машины с машиной (M2M), где участие человека сводится к анализу данных и выдаче рекомендаций клиенту. В 2008 г. это инновационное решение от АББ получило приз на конференции M2M United Conference в Чикаго (см. вставку).

    Proactive maintenance 
    Remote Service also allows ABB engineers to monitor and detect potential problems in the robot system and opens up new possibilities for proactive maintenance.

    Прогнозирование неисправностей
    Remote Service позволяет инженерам АББ дистанционно контролировать состояние роботов и прогнозировать возможные неисправности, что открывает новые возможности по организации профилактического обслуживания.

    The service box regularly takes condition measurements. By monitoring key parameters over time, Remote Service can identify potential failures and when necessary notify both the end customer and the appropriate ABB engineer. The management and storage of full system backups is a very powerful service to help recover from critical situations caused, for example, by operator errors.

    Сервисный блок регулярно выполняет диагностические измерения. Непрерывно контролируя ключевые параметры, Remote Service может распознать потенциальные опасности и, при необходимости, оповещать владельца оборудования и соответствующего специалиста АББ. Резервирование данных для возможного отката является мощным средством, обеспечивающим восстановление системы в критических ситуациях, например, после ошибки оператора.

    The first Remote Service installation took place in the automotive industry in the United States and quickly proved its value. The motherboard in a robot cabinet overheated and the rise in temperature triggered an alarm via Remote Service. Because of the alarm, engineers were able to replace a faulty fan, preventing a costly production shutdown.

    Первая система Remote Service была установлена на автозаводе в США и очень скоро была оценена по достоинству. Она обнаружила перегрев материнской платы в шкафу управления роботом и передала сигнал о превышении допустимой температуры, благодаря чему инженеры смогли заменить неисправный вентилятор и предотвратить дорогостоящую остановку производства.

    MyRobot: 24-hour remote access
    Having regular access to a robot’s condition data is also essential to achieving lean production. At any time, from any location, customers can verify their robots’ status and access maintenance information and performance reports simply by logging in to ABB’s MyRobot Web site. The service enables customers to easily compare performances, identify bottlenecks or developing issues, and initiate the most

    Сайт MyRobot: круглосуточный дистанционный доступ
    Для того чтобы обеспечить бесперебойное производство, необходимо иметь регулярный доступ к информации о состоянии робота. Зайдя на соответствующую страницу сайта MyRobot компании АББ, заказчики получат все необходимые данные, включая сведения о техническом обслуживании и отчеты о производительности своего робота. Эта услуга позволяет легко сравнивать данные о производительности, обнаруживать возможные проблемы, а также оптимизировать планирование технического обслуживания и модернизации. С помощью MyRobot можно значительно увеличить выпуск продукции и уменьшить количество выбросов.

    Award-winning solution
    In June 2008, the innovative Remote Service solution won the Gold Value Chain award at the M2M United Conference in Chicago. The value chain award honors successful corporate adopters of M2M (machine–to-machine) technology and highlights the process of combining multiple technologies to deliver high-quality services to customers. ABB won in the categoryof Smart Services.

    Приз за удачное решение
    В июне 2008 г. инновационное решение Remote Service получило награду Gold Value Chain (Золотая цепь) на конференции M2M United Conference в Чикаго. «Золотая цепь» присуждается за успешное масштабное внедрение технологии M2M (машина – машина), а также за достижения в объединении различных технологий для предоставления высококачественных услуг заказчикам. АББ одержала победу в номинации «Интеллектуальный сервис».

    Case study: Tetley Tetley GB Ltd is the world’s second-largest manufacturer and distributor of tea. The company’s manufacturing and distribution business is spread across 40 countries and sells over 60 branded tea bags. Tetley’s UK tea production facility in Eaglescliffe, County Durham is the sole producer of Tetley tea bags 2.

    Пример применения: Tetley Компания TetleyGB Ltd является вторым по величине мировым производителем и поставщиком чая. Производственные и торговые филиалы компании имеются в 40 странах, а продукция распространяется под 60 торговыми марками. Чаеразвесочная фабрика в Иглсклифф, графство Дарем, Великобритания – единственный производитель чая Tetley в пакетиках (рис. 2).

    ABB offers a flexible choice of service agreements for both new and existing robot installations, which can help extend the mean time between failures, shorten the time to repair and lower the cost of automated production.

    Предлагаемые АББ контракты на выполнение технического обслуживания как уже имеющихся, так и вновь устанавливаемых роботов, позволяют значительно увеличить среднюю наработку на отказ, сократить время ремонта и общую стоимость автоматизированного производства.

    Robots in the plant’s production line were tripping alarms and delaying the whole production cycle. The spurious alarms resulted in much unnecessary downtime that was spent resetting the robots in the hope that another breakdown could be avoided. Each time an alarm was tripped, several hours of production time was lost. “It was for this reason that we were keen to try out ABB’s Remote Service agreement,” said Colin Trevor, plant maintenance manager.

    Установленные в технологической линии роботы выдавали аварийные сигналы, задерживающие выполнение производственного цикла. Ложные срабатывания вынуждали перезапускать роботов в надежде предотвратить возможные отказы, в результате чего после каждого аварийного сигнала производство останавливалось на несколько часов. «Именно поэтому мы решили попробовать заключить с АББ контракт на дистанционное техническое обслуживание», – сказал Колин Тревор, начальник технической службы фабрики.

    To prevent future disruptions caused by unplanned downtime, Tetley signed an ABB Response Package service agreement, which included installing a service box and system infrastructure into the robot control systems. Using the Remote Service solution, ABB remotely monitors and collects data on the “wear and tear” and productivity of the robotic cells; this data is then shared with the customer and contributes to smooth-running production cycles.

    Для предотвращения ущерба в результате незапланированных простоев Tetley заключила с АББ контракт на комплексное обслуживание Response Package, согласно которому системы управления роботами были дооборудованы сервисными блоками с необходимой инфраструктурой. С помощью Remote Service компания АББ дистанционно собирает данные о наработке, износе и производительности роботизированных модулей. Эти данные предоставляются заказчику для оптимизации загрузки производственного оборудования.

    Higher production uptime
    Since the implementation of Remote Service, Tetley has enjoyed greatly reduced robot downtime, with no further disruptions caused by unforeseen problems. “The Remote Service package has dramatically changed the plant,” said Trevor. “We no longer have breakdown issues throughout the shift, helping us to achieve much longer periods of robot uptime. As we have learned, world-class manufacturing facilities need world-class support packages. Remote monitoring of our robots helps us to maintain machine uptime, prevent costly downtime and ensures my employees can be put to more valuable use.”

    Увеличение полезного времени
    С момента внедрения Remote Service компания Tetley была приятно удивлена резким сокращением простоя роботов и отсутствием незапланированных остановок производства. «Пакет Remote Service резко изменил ситуацию на предприятии», – сказал Тревор. «Мы избавились от простоев роботов и смогли резко увеличить их эксплуатационную готовность. Мы поняли, что для производственного оборудования мирового класса необходим сервисный пакет мирового класса. Дистанционный контроль роботов помогает нам поддерживать их в рабочем состоянии, предотвращать дорогостоящие простои и задействовать наш персонал для выполнения более важных задач».

    Service access
    Remote Service is available worldwide, connecting more than 500 robots. Companies that have up to 30 robots are often good candidates for the Remote Service offering, as they usually have neither the engineers nor the requisite skills to deal with robotics faults themselves. Larger companies are also enthusiastic about Remote Service, as the proactive services will improve the lifetime of their equipment and increase overall production uptime.

    Доступность сервиса
    Сеть Remote Service охватывает более 700 роботов по всему миру. Потенциальными заказчиками Remote Service являются компании, имеющие до 30 роботов, но не имеющие инженеров и техников, способных самостоятельно устранять их неисправности. Интерес к Remote Service проявляют и более крупные компании, поскольку они заинтересованы в увеличении срока службы и эксплуатационной готовности производственного оборудования.

    In today’s competitive environment, business profitability often relies on demanding production schedules that do not always leave time for exhaustive or repeated equipment health checks. ABB’s Remote Service agreements are designed to monitor its customers’ robots to identify when problems are likely to occur and ensure that help is dispatched before the problem can escalate. In over 60 percent of ABB’s service calls, its robots can be brought back online remotely, without further intervention.

    В условиях современной конкуренции окупаемость бизнеса часто зависит от соблюдения жестких графиков производства, не оставляющих времени для полномасштабных или периодических проверок исправности оборудования. Контракт Remote Service предусматривает мониторинг состояния роботов заказчика для прогнозирования возможных неисправностей и принятие мер по их предотвращению. В более чем 60 % случаев для устранения неисправности достаточно дистанционной консультации в сервисной службе АББ, дальнейшего вмешательства не требуется.

    ABB offers a flexible choice of service agreements for both new and existing robot installations, which helps extend the mean time between failures, shorten the time to repair and lower the total cost of ownership. With four new packages available – Support, Response, Maintenance and Warranty, each backed up by ABB’s Remote Service technology – businesses can minimize the impact of unplanned downtime and achieve improved production-line efficiency.

    Компания АББ предлагает гибкий выбор контрактов на выполнение технического обслуживания как уже имеющихся, так и вновь устанавливаемых роботов, которые позволяют значительно увеличить среднюю наработку на отказ, сократить время ремонта и эксплуатационные расходы. Четыре новых пакета на основе технологии Remote Service – Support, Response, Maintenance и Warranty – позволяют минимизировать внеплановые простои и значительно повысить эффективность производства.

    The benefits of Remote Sevice are clear: improved availability, fewer service visits, lower maintenance costs and maximized total cost of ownership. This unique service sets ABB apart from its competitors and is the beginning of a revolution in service thinking. It provides ABB with a great opportunity to improve customer access to its expertise and develop more advanced services worldwide.

    Преимущества дистанционного технического обслуживания очевидны: повышенная надежность, уменьшение выездов ремонтных бригад, уменьшение затрат на обслуживание и общих эксплуатационных расходов. Эта уникальная услуга дает компании АББ преимущества над конкурентами и демонстрирует революционный подход к организации сервиса. Благодаря ей компания АББ расширяет доступ заказчиков к опыту своих специалистов и получает возможность более эффективного оказания технической помощи по всему миру.

    Тематики

    • тех. обсл. и ремонт средств электросвязи

    Обобщающие термины

    EN

    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > remote sevice

  • 17 aumento

    m.
    1 increase, rise.
    un aumento del 10 por ciento a 10 percent increase
    ir en aumento to be on the increase
    2 promotion.
    3 magnifying power.
    4 jump.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: aumentar.
    * * *
    1 increase, growth
    2 (óptica) magnification
    3 (fotos) enlargement
    4 (sonido) amplification
    5 (salario) rise, US raise
    \
    ir en aumento to be on the increase
    aumento de precios rise in prices
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) [de tamaño] increase; (Fot) enlargement; (Ópt) magnification
    2) [de cantidad, producción, velocidad, intensidad] increase; [de precio] increase, rise

    se registró un aumento de temperatura — an increase o rise in temperature was recorded

    aumento de peso — [en objeto] increase in weight; [en persona] weight gain

    aumento de sueldo, aumento salarial — (pay) rise

    3) (Elec, Radio) amplification
    4)
    5) (Ópt) magnification
    6) Méx (=posdata) postscript
    * * *
    a) ( incremento) rise, increase

    aumento de algo: aumento de peso increase in weight; aumento de temperatura rise in temperature; aumento de precio price rise o increase; aumento de sueldo — salary increase, pay raise (AmE), pay rise (BrE)

    b) (Ópt) magnification

    lentes con or de mucho aumento — glasses with very strong lenses

    * * *
    = boost, build-up [buildup], extension, growth, increase, rise, tide, expansion, deepening, augmentation, increase in numbers, growth in number, surge, upswing, widening, waxing, enlargement, heightening.
    Ex. Consequently, Leforte came to expect -- perhaps even take for granted -- the periodic boosts of ego and income that the evaluations provided.
    Ex. No problem usually with terminals and micros but there could be an undesirable temperature build-up in confined areas.
    Ex. These can be seen as extensions of the supportive role provided by Neighbourhood Advice Centres to community groups.
    Ex. This document contains information on such concepts as settlement, urban growth, field patterns, forest clearance and many others.
    Ex. The term you have chosen indicates an increase in specificity, since it is one of the members of the group described by the basic term.
    Ex. The rapid rise of computer literacy in the world has led to a demand for the easy availability of many kinds of information.
    Ex. What has happened is that yet another institution has so overlapped with our own that we are being swept along on the tide of the technological revolution.
    Ex. This is not a simple general expansion of a description but an increasing emphasis upon aspects of the book.
    Ex. There is a categorical moral imperative for a deepening and a renewal of the concept of collegiality -- that is a blend of intense competition and mutual support -- in relations between research scholars and research librarians.
    Ex. If the budget will not permit staff augmentation, then the reference librarian must help the department head to make the most of available resources.
    Ex. The present increase in numbers of overseas students in Australia tertiary institutions has implications for libraries.
    Ex. The growth in number of national, regional and international agricultural organisations has resulted in a vast output of scientific and technical literature, issued in a wide variety of forms.
    Ex. The Internet is also creating a new surge of interest in information in all forms, and a revitalized interest in reading.
    Ex. The author discusses the current upswing in paperback sales of children's books in the USA and the slump in hardback sales.
    Ex. Despite growth in export volume in recent years, there has been a widening of the national current account deficit from 8.8% to over 20%.
    Ex. This waning of one discipline and waxing of another represents the fundamental incommensurability, yet mutual dependence, of existing disciplinary categories of knowledge.
    Ex. This enlargement of interests forms the basis of the claim to provide an information education appropriate to other than library-type environments.
    Ex. The arts can serve the heightening of our sensibilities to the theological dimensions of cultural movements.
    ----
    * aumento acelerado = spurt.
    * aumento acusado = sharp increase.
    * aumento asociado a la inflación = inflation-adjusted.
    * aumento de = increased.
    * aumento de cantidad = increase in quantity.
    * aumento de costes = increased costs, cost increase.
    * aumento de la demanda = increase in (the) demand, increased demand.
    * aumento de la producción = increased production.
    * aumento de las diferencias entre... y = widening gap between... and, widening of the gap beween.... and.
    * aumento del conocimiento = knowledge building.
    * aumento de los impuestos = tax increase.
    * aumento del uso = increased use.
    * aumento de pecho = breast augmentation, breast enlargement.
    * aumento de peso = weight gain.
    * aumento de precios = price increase, increased price.
    * aumento de tamaño = increase in size.
    * aumento en espesor = thickening.
    * aumento notable = rising tide.
    * aumento repentino = upsurge.
    * aumento salarial = salary increase, pay rise, salary rise.
    * aumento salarial por méritos = merit salary increase.
    * aumento transitorio de tensión = surge.
    * aumento vertiginoso = explosion, spiralling [spiraling, -USA].
    * conceder aumento salarial = award + salary increase.
    * en aumento = burgeoning, increasing, mounting, rising, on the rise, growing, heightening.
    * en aumento gradual = gradually quickening.
    * en continuo aumento = ever-increasing.
    * espejo de aumento = magnifying mirror.
    * experimentar un aumento = experience + rise.
    * experimentar un aumento vertiginoso = experience + explosion.
    * gran aumento = heavy increase.
    * ir en aumento = be on the increase.
    * lector de aumento = magnifying reader.
    * lente de aumento = magnifying glass, magnifier.
    * mamoplastía de aumento = augmentation mammoplasty.
    * ritmo de aumento = rate of increase.
    * tasa de aumento = growth rate, rate of growth, rate of increase.
    * * *
    a) ( incremento) rise, increase

    aumento de algo: aumento de peso increase in weight; aumento de temperatura rise in temperature; aumento de precio price rise o increase; aumento de sueldo — salary increase, pay raise (AmE), pay rise (BrE)

    b) (Ópt) magnification

    lentes con or de mucho aumento — glasses with very strong lenses

    * * *
    = boost, build-up [buildup], extension, growth, increase, rise, tide, expansion, deepening, augmentation, increase in numbers, growth in number, surge, upswing, widening, waxing, enlargement, heightening.

    Ex: Consequently, Leforte came to expect -- perhaps even take for granted -- the periodic boosts of ego and income that the evaluations provided.

    Ex: No problem usually with terminals and micros but there could be an undesirable temperature build-up in confined areas.
    Ex: These can be seen as extensions of the supportive role provided by Neighbourhood Advice Centres to community groups.
    Ex: This document contains information on such concepts as settlement, urban growth, field patterns, forest clearance and many others.
    Ex: The term you have chosen indicates an increase in specificity, since it is one of the members of the group described by the basic term.
    Ex: The rapid rise of computer literacy in the world has led to a demand for the easy availability of many kinds of information.
    Ex: What has happened is that yet another institution has so overlapped with our own that we are being swept along on the tide of the technological revolution.
    Ex: This is not a simple general expansion of a description but an increasing emphasis upon aspects of the book.
    Ex: There is a categorical moral imperative for a deepening and a renewal of the concept of collegiality -- that is a blend of intense competition and mutual support -- in relations between research scholars and research librarians.
    Ex: If the budget will not permit staff augmentation, then the reference librarian must help the department head to make the most of available resources.
    Ex: The present increase in numbers of overseas students in Australia tertiary institutions has implications for libraries.
    Ex: The growth in number of national, regional and international agricultural organisations has resulted in a vast output of scientific and technical literature, issued in a wide variety of forms.
    Ex: The Internet is also creating a new surge of interest in information in all forms, and a revitalized interest in reading.
    Ex: The author discusses the current upswing in paperback sales of children's books in the USA and the slump in hardback sales.
    Ex: Despite growth in export volume in recent years, there has been a widening of the national current account deficit from 8.8% to over 20%.
    Ex: This waning of one discipline and waxing of another represents the fundamental incommensurability, yet mutual dependence, of existing disciplinary categories of knowledge.
    Ex: This enlargement of interests forms the basis of the claim to provide an information education appropriate to other than library-type environments.
    Ex: The arts can serve the heightening of our sensibilities to the theological dimensions of cultural movements.
    * aumento acelerado = spurt.
    * aumento acusado = sharp increase.
    * aumento asociado a la inflación = inflation-adjusted.
    * aumento de = increased.
    * aumento de cantidad = increase in quantity.
    * aumento de costes = increased costs, cost increase.
    * aumento de la demanda = increase in (the) demand, increased demand.
    * aumento de la producción = increased production.
    * aumento de las diferencias entre... y = widening gap between... and, widening of the gap beween.... and.
    * aumento del conocimiento = knowledge building.
    * aumento de los impuestos = tax increase.
    * aumento del uso = increased use.
    * aumento de pecho = breast augmentation, breast enlargement.
    * aumento de peso = weight gain.
    * aumento de precios = price increase, increased price.
    * aumento de tamaño = increase in size.
    * aumento en espesor = thickening.
    * aumento notable = rising tide.
    * aumento repentino = upsurge.
    * aumento salarial = salary increase, pay rise, salary rise.
    * aumento salarial por méritos = merit salary increase.
    * aumento transitorio de tensión = surge.
    * aumento vertiginoso = explosion, spiralling [spiraling, -USA].
    * conceder aumento salarial = award + salary increase.
    * en aumento = burgeoning, increasing, mounting, rising, on the rise, growing, heightening.
    * en aumento gradual = gradually quickening.
    * en continuo aumento = ever-increasing.
    * espejo de aumento = magnifying mirror.
    * experimentar un aumento = experience + rise.
    * experimentar un aumento vertiginoso = experience + explosion.
    * gran aumento = heavy increase.
    * ir en aumento = be on the increase.
    * lector de aumento = magnifying reader.
    * lente de aumento = magnifying glass, magnifier.
    * mamoplastía de aumento = augmentation mammoplasty.
    * ritmo de aumento = rate of increase.
    * tasa de aumento = growth rate, rate of growth, rate of increase.

    * * *
    1 (incremento) rise, increase
    pedir un aumento to ask for a pay raise ( AmE) o ( BrE) rise
    las tarifas experimentarán or sufrirán un ligero aumento there will be a small increase o rise in fares
    la tensión va en aumento tension is growing o mounting o increasing
    el aumento de las cotizaciones en las bolsas the rise in stock market prices
    la velocidad del cuerpo va en aumento a medida que … the speed of the object increases as …
    aumento DE algo:
    aumento de peso increase in weight, weight gain
    aumento de temperatura rise in temperature
    aumento de precio price rise o increase
    aumento de sueldo salary increase, pay raise ( AmE), pay rise ( BrE)
    2 ( Ópt) magnification
    un microscopio de 20 aumentos a microscope with a magnifying power o magnification of 20
    tiene gafas or ( AmL) lentes con or de mucho aumento he wears glasses with very strong lenses
    * * *

     

    Del verbo aumentar: ( conjugate aumentar)

    aumento es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    aumentó es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    aumentar    
    aumento
    aumentar ( conjugate aumentar) verbo transitivo

    ‹precio/sueldo› to increase, raise
    b) (Opt) to magnify

    verbo intransitivo [temperatura/presión] to rise;
    [ velocidad] to increase;
    [precio/producción/valor] to increase, rise;

    aumento de algo ‹de volumen/tamaño› to increase in sth;
    aumentó de peso he put on o gained weight
    aumento sustantivo masculino


    aumento de temperatura rise in temperature;
    aumento de precio price rise o increase;
    aumento de sueldo salary increase, pay raise (AmE), pay rise (BrE)
    b) (Ópt) magnification;


    aumentar
    I verbo transitivo to increase
    Fot to enlarge
    Ópt to magnify
    II vi (una cantidad) to go up, rise
    (de valor) to appreciate
    aumento sustantivo masculino
    1 increase
    aumento de sueldo, pay rise
    2 Fot enlargement
    3 Ópt magnification
    ' aumento' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    lente
    - más
    - petición
    - producción
    - progresiva
    - progresivo
    - salarial
    - agudo
    - auge
    - aumentar
    - autorizar
    - bonificación
    - escalada
    - nubosidad
    - prever
    - prometido
    - rápido
    - representar
    - retroactivo
    - sensible
    - triple
    - valorización
    - votar
    English:
    appreciation
    - attribute
    - bolster
    - build-up
    - by
    - gain
    - growing
    - growth
    - hike
    - hysteria
    - improvement
    - increase
    - leap
    - mount
    - negotiate
    - of
    - raise
    - rise
    - surge
    - wage increase
    - build
    - glass
    - jump
    - pay
    - rising
    - settlement
    - up
    * * *
    1. [de temperatura, precio, gastos, tensión] increase, rise;
    [de sueldo] Br rise, US raise; [de velocidad] increase;
    un aumento del 10 por ciento a 10 percent increase;
    las temperaturas experimentarán un ligero aumento temperatures will rise slightly;
    ir o [m5] estar en aumento to be on the increase
    aumento lineal [de sueldo] across-the-board pay Br rise o US raise;
    aumento de sueldo pay increase;
    pedir un aumento de sueldo to ask for a (pay) Br rise o US raise
    2. [en óptica] magnification;
    una lente de 20 aumentos a lens of magnification x 20
    3. Méx [posdata] postscript
    * * *
    m de precios, temperaturas etc rise (de in), increase (de in);
    de sueldo raise, Br (pay) rise;
    ir en aumento be increasing
    * * *
    incremento: increase, rise
    * * *
    aumento n increase / rise
    ir en aumento to be increasing / to be rising

    Spanish-English dictionary > aumento

  • 18 run

    [rʌn] 1. гл.; прош. вр. ran; прич. прош. вр. run
    1)
    а) бежать, бегать

    I've got to run for my bus. — Мне пришлось побежать, чтобы успеть на автобус.

    He ran the mile in under four minutes. — Он пробежал милю меньше чем за четыре минуты.

    The dog ran at the visitor and bit him. — Собака бросилась на посетителя и укусила его.

    I opened the door and the cat ran in. — Я открыл дверь, и в дом забежала кошка.

    He ran at me and kicked me. — Он подбежал ко мне и ударил.

    Would you run up and get my glasses? — Поднимись, пожалуйста, принеси мне очки.

    Lots of people ran out to see what had caused the noise. — Масса народу выбежала на улицу поглядеть, из-за чего этот шум.

    Don't run away, I want to talk to you. — Погоди, я хочу с тобой поговорить.

    б) бегать, передвигаться свободно, без ограничений

    Let chickens run loose. — Пусть цыплята побегают на свободе.

    в) быстро уходить, убегать; спасаться бегством, дезертировать

    The robbers took the money and ran. — Грабители забрали деньги и сбежали.

    I should have to run the country. — Мне придётся покинуть страну.

    If they run their board I shall have to pay it. — Если они сбегут, не заплатив за еду, платить придётся мне.

    Syn:
    2)
    а) преследовать; гнать
    б) заставлять (лошадь и т. п.) быстро бежать ( особенно при езде верхом), гнать, погонять

    The horses were run rapidly forward to the skirmish-line. — Лошадей галопом направили к линии огня.

    to run smb. ragged / off his legs — загонять кого-л. до изнеможения

    He had almost run himself to a standstill. — Он набегался так, что не мог сдвинуться с места.

    You'd never believe that woman was nearly eighty, she could run us all off our feet. — Ни за что не скажешь, что этой женщине было почти восемьдесят, она нас всех могла загонять.

    г) ( run out (of)) выгонять (откуда-л.)

    There's enough of us here to run you out. — Нас здесь вполне достаточно для того, чтобы тебя прогнать.

    3)
    а) двигать, передвигать, заставлять скользить быстро и без труда

    I cook a meal for him occasionally and I run a vacuum over the place. — Время от времени я готовлю ему еду и провожу уборку с помощью пылесоса.

    б) иск. двигать, перемещать ( декорации) по сцене
    4)
    а) быстро перемещаться; двигаться, ехать ( о транспорте)
    б) ходить, курсировать, плавать (о поездах, судах и т. п.)

    to run late — опоздать, прийти не по расписанию

    The shuttle runs daily from New York to Boston. — Самолёты каждый день совершают регулярные рейсы Нью-Йорк - Бостон.

    The trains aren't running now. — Поезда сейчас не ходят.

    Syn:
    5)

    Far ran the naked moon. — Высоко плыла беззащитная луна.

    On that day she deviated from the course of the voyage and ran for Mauritius. — В тот день корабль отклонился от намеченного пути и взял курс на остров Маврикий.

    We were winning the boat race until our boat ran aground on a sandbank. — Мы шли впереди всех в лодочной гонке, пока наша лодка не налетела на мель.

    б) быстро плыть, идти на нерест ( о рыбе)
    6)
    а) управлять (транспортным средством, судном и т. п.)

    They no longer run steamers there. — Они больше не водят здесь пароходы.

    She got back after lunch and ran the car into the garage. — Она вернулась после завтрака и поставила машину в гараж.

    в) держать (двигатель, машину и т. п.) работающим, действующим

    I can't collect you. I don't run a car. — Я не могу за тобой заехать. У меня не заводится машина.

    7)
    а) перевозить, транспортировать; доставлять к месту назначения

    The engine runs trucks to and from the piers on the island. — На острове машина привозила и отвозила товары с пирса и на пирс.

    б) = run across, = run along подвозить (кого-л.)

    I ran Johnson back to my house. — Я отвёз Джонсона обратно к себе домой.

    Don't wait for the bus in this cold weather, I'll run you across to your mother's. — Зачем тебе ждать автобуса на холоде, давай я подброшу тебя до дома твоей матери.

    There's no hurry to get there; I can run you along in the car. — Незачем спешить, я подвезу тебя на своей машине.

    в) перевозить, ввозить ( контрабандный товар)
    8) = run over, = run up совершать краткое путешествие

    During the last five years Fry had formed the habit of running over to Paris. — В течение последних пяти лет у Фрая выработалась привычка ненадолго ездить в Париж.

    9)
    а) (run (up)on / against / into) налетать, наталкиваться на (что-л.); сталкиваться с (чем-л.)

    The boat ran (up)on the rocks. — Лодка наскочила на камни.

    Guess whom I ran against in London the other day? — Угадай, с кем я на днях столкнулся в Лондоне?

    б) (run against, run into) ударять, стукать обо (что-л. / кого-л.), сталкивать с (чем-л. / кем-л.)
    10)
    а) двигаться, катиться (о мяче; о костях, когда их кидают)

    The ball ran into the street. — Мяч выкатился на улицу.

    б) ударять (по шару, особенно в бильярде), катить (шар, особенно в боулинге)

    He ran the ball strongly 30ft. past the hole. — Он ударил по мячу так, что тот на 30 футов перелетел через лунку.

    11) проводить, пробегать (рукой, глазами и т. п.)

    She ran her fingers over the smooth material. — Она провела пальцами по гладкой ткани.

    I caught myself running my glance round. — Я поймал себя на том, что мельком оглядываю всё вокруг.

    She ran down the first page of her letter. — Она пробежала первую страницу письма.

    His eye swiftly ran from line to line. — Его глаза быстро перебегали с одной строчки на другую.

    Let's run through the whole play from the beginning. — Давайте посмотрим всю пьесу сначала.

    Syn:
    12)
    а) вращаться, крутиться

    In which case the wheel will have liberty to run. — В этом случае колесо сможет свободно вращаться.

    Syn:
    б) идти, крутиться (о киноплёнке, магнитной плёнке); демонстрироваться ( о фильме)

    I'd been to see a film in the afternoon, and it ran longer than I expected. — Днём я пошёл посмотреть фильм, и он продолжался дольше, чем я думал.

    The film began to run. — Начался фильм.

    13)
    а) литься, струиться, течь

    The stream runs down the valley. — Поток стекает в долину.

    Tears ran from her eyes. — Из глаз у неё текли слёзы.

    б) ( run with) сделаться мокрым от (чего-л.)

    The mud walls ran down with damp. — Грязные стены отсырели от влажности.

    Syn:
    в) протекать, течь; переполняться ( о сосудах); наполняться ( о ванне)
    Syn:
    14) расплываться; линять (о рисунке и т. п.)

    Her red blouse ran on the lighter colored clothes in the wash. — При стирке красная блузка линяла, окрашивая более светлые вещи.

    15)
    а) плавиться, таять, течь ( в результате таяния)

    The ice cream ran in the warm sun. — Мороженое на солнце растаяло.

    Syn:
    б) соединяться (в один кусок, особенно во влажном или расплавленном состоянии), затвердевать ( комком)
    16)
    а) скользить, легко двигаться, идти гладко

    The neck-halter seems to have been tarry, and did not run. — Верёвка с петлей, похоже, не была пропитана и поэтому не скользила.

    б) ( run through) проводить по (чему-л.), пропускать через (что-л.)

    to run a pen through smth. — зачеркнуть, перечеркнуть что-л. ручкой

    Will you run a thread through an eyelet? — Продень нитку в иголку, будь так добр.

    17)
    а) простираться, расстилаться, тянуться прям. и перен.

    A balustrade runs round the building. — Вокруг здания тянется балюстрада.

    He was brilliantly attired in crimson pyjamas. Who would have thought his taste would run to the exotic? (S. Woods) — Он был облачён в малиновую пижаму. Кто бы мог предположить, что он дойдёт до такой экзотики?

    Syn:
    б) тянуться, расти, обвиваться ( о растениях)
    18) спорт.
    а) соревноваться, участвовать (в соревнованиях, скачках)
    Syn:
    б) проводить (бега, гонки, скачки)

    The Derby has been run in a snowstorm. — Дерби проводилось во время бурана.

    в) заявлять ( лошадь) на скачки

    No person can run more than one horse for any plate. — На любые скачки на приз каждый может заявить только одну лошадь.

    19) брать назад (слово, обещание и т. п.), расторгать, нарушать ( договор)

    The contracting party may be inclined to run from his word. — Договаривающаяся сторона, возможно, захочет взять назад своё слово.

    20) ( run off) не оказывать влияния на (кого-л.)

    The scoldings run off him like water off a duck's back. — Его ругают, а с него всё как с гуся вода.

    21)
    а) преим. амер. баллотироваться, выставлять (свою) кандидатуру на выборах

    Richard Roe will run for mayor. — Ричард Роу выставит свою кандидатуру на пост мэра.

    22) амер. навязывать, расхваливать, рекламировать

    I went with him to the house he was running for. — Я пошёл с ним к дому, который он так расхваливал.

    A whisper ran through the crowd. — По толпе пробежал шёпот.

    The news ran all over town. — Известие быстро распространилось по всему городу.

    Syn:
    24) муз.; = run down исполнять, выводить рулады; быстро пропевать
    25)
    а) быстро вырастать, давая семена
    26)

    Her stocking ran. — У неё на чулке спустилась петля.

    27) работать, функционировать

    One of these little engines recently ran forty-seven days and nights without stoppage. — Один из этих маленьких моторчиков недавно проработал сорок семь суток без остановки.

    The American university: how it runs, where it is going. — Американский университет: как он живёт, куда он движется.

    28) крутиться, вертеться, постоянно возвращаться ( о мыслях)

    phrase running in the head — фраза, которая крутится в голове

    It runs in my head that I've heard something about it. — У меня вертелось в голове, что я где-то уже об этом слышал.

    My thoughts have been running upon the future. — Я всё думаю о будущем.

    29)
    а) проходить, бежать, лететь

    Life ran smoothly in its ordinary grooves. — Жизнь текла гладко в своём привычном русле.

    Their talks ran on for hours. — Они говорили часами.

    Syn:

    The night was almost run. — Ночь почти прошла.

    Syn:
    come to an end, expire
    30) идти, продолжаться, длиться; быть действительным ( на определённый срок)

    The lease runs for five years. — Аренда действительна на пять лет.

    Syn:
    31)
    а) идти (о пьесе, фильме)

    This film is now running at all cinemas. — Этот фильм идёт сейчас во всех кинотеатрах.

    б) показывать (пьесу, фильм)
    32)
    а) иметь хождение, быть в обращении ( о деньгах)
    б) действовать на определённой территории, распространяться на определённой территории (о законах, воззваниях)

    Musical ability runs in my family. — В нашей семье ярко выражены музыкальные способности.

    34)
    а) быть напечатанным, быть опубликованным, появиться

    The story ran in all the papers. — История появилась во всех газетах.

    Syn:
    б) печатать, публиковать

    The ad was run in the paper for two days. — Объявление публиковалось в газете два дня.

    35) гласить (о документе, тексте и т. п.); быть выраженным ( определённым способом)

    I know not how his proper official title ran. — Я не знаю, каков был его официальный титул.

    36) = run out, = run up достигать ( определённого) количества, стоимости, доходить, равняться

    Last autumn arrests of illegal immigrants were running 80 a week. — Прошлой осенью число арестов нелегальных иммигрантов доходило до 80 в неделю.

    The bill runs to $100. — Счёт составляет 100 долларов.

    The prices run from $5 to $200. — Цены варьируются от 5 до 200 долларов.

    The book ran into five editions. — Книга выдержала пять изданий.

    The total area runs out at 25,000 square miles. — Вся область составляет 25000 квадратных миль.

    The bill for the repairs might run up to $300. — Счёт за ремонт может составить около 300 долларов.

    Syn:

    The members encouraged one another in running the Christian course. — Все члены поддерживали друг друга в следовании христианской религии.

    38) подвергаться (опасности, риску и т. п.)

    We run a danger of wasting time. — Мы рискуем потерять время.

    She's not afraid to run a risk. — Она не боится риска.

    Syn:
    39)
    а) прорывать, преодолевать (какое-л. препятствие); пробиваться сквозь (что-л.)

    The escaped prisoners ran the roadblock. — Сбежавшие заключённые проскочили сквозь дорожно-пропускной пункт.

    б) разг. проскочить ( на красный свет)

    Wilson told officers the brakes of his truck failed, causing him to run a red light at the intersection. — Уилсон сказал полицейским, что у его грузовика отказали тормоза, поэтому ему пришлось на перекрёстке проскочить на красный свет.

    40)
    а) сшивать на скорую руку, смётывать
    в) прикреплять (ленту, тесьму и т. п.), пропуская через прорези в одежде
    41) ( be run) быть стеснённым (в чём-л.)

    I shall be hard run unless I can get a certain sum of money. — У меня будут большие денежные затруднения, если я не достану определённую сумму денег.

    Both author and artist were notoriously always run for time. — И писатель, и художник были известны тем, что у них всегда не хватало времени.

    42) наседать, поджимать (в состязаниях, соперничестве)

    Gloriana would run her very close on the score of beauty. — Глориана не отставала от неё по красоте.

    43) преим. амер. руководить, управлять; вести (дело, предприятие и т. п.); следить (за кем-л.), контролировать

    Teach me how to run the business. — Научи меня вести дела.

    Our staff are highly efficient; the place runs itself almost without our interference. — У нас высококвалифицированные служащие; предприятие работает практически без нашего вмешательства.

    You're my father and all that, but I'll be damned if you run me any more. — Ты мой отец и всё такое, но будь я проклят, если я ещё хоть раз позволю тебе собой командовать.

    Syn:
    44) ввести (кого-л.) в общество
    45) амер. помогать, обеспечивать средствами к существованию

    I was running a small fever. — У меня была небольшая температура.

    I don't like her running this temperature. — Мне не нравится, что у неё такая высокая температура.

    47) = run through приводить в действие, включать ( кинокамеру)
    48) проводить (эксперимент, тест), проводить измерения
    49) амер.; австрал.; разг. дразнить, досаждать, изводить,
    Syn:
    50) разг. заявлять (о ком-л.) в полицию, передавать (кого-л.) в руки полиции
    51) воен. выдвигать обвинение против (кого-л.)
    52) подтасовывать, фальсифицировать
    Syn:
    53)
    а) вырезать ( знак), рисовать, чертить ( линию) на поверхности
    б) вести, тянуть, проводить (что-л. в определённом направлении или до определённой длины)
    Syn:
    54) прослеживать, устанавливать (параллели, сходство); проводить ( различия)
    55) объединять, соединять

    The events of two days have been run into one. — События двух дней были объединены в одно.

    Syn:
    56) ( run to) тяготеть к (чему-л.), иметь склонность к (чему-л.)

    The writer runs to descriptive details. — Этот писатель очень любит подробно описывать детали.

    57) ( run to) обращаться к (кому-л., за помощью или советом)
    58) ( run to) хватать, быть достаточным для (чего-л.)

    The money won't run to a car. — Этих денег не хватит на машину.

    Syn:
    59) ( run with) общаться с (кем-л.); водить компанию с (кем-л.)

    In his younger days he ran with some very undesirable types. — В юности он общался с некоторыми очень подозрительными типами.

    60) ( run across) (случайно) встретиться с (кем-л.); натолкнуться на (кого-л. / что-л.)

    I ran across my former teacher this afternoon. — Сегодня я встретил своего старого учителя.

    I ran across an excellent book on history. — Я тут обнаружил замечательную книгу по истории.

    61) ( run after) "бегать", ухаживать за (кем-л.)

    All the girls are running after the attractive new student. — Девушки прохода не дают этому симпатичному студенту-новичку.

    62) ( run into) наезжать на (что-л.), врезаться во (что-л.)

    I ran into the gatepost and hurt my knee. — Я налетел на столб и повредил колено.

    This lamppost looks as if it's been run into by a bus. — Этот столб выглядит так, как будто в него врезался автобус.

    63) ( run into) случайно встретить (кого-л.), столкнуться с (кем-л.)

    Guess who I run into in the High Street this afternoon? — Знаешь, кого я сегодня встретил на Хай-Стрит?

    Syn:
    bang I 2. 8), bump, barge, knock
    64) ( run into) столкнуться с (чем-л. неприятным)
    65) ( run (up)on) касаться (какой-л. темы), вращаться вокруг (какой-л. темы)

    His thoughts ran upon the happy times that he had spent there. — Он вспомнил о том счастливом времени, которое провёл здесь когда-то.

    66) ( run over) просматривать; повторять (что-л.)

    Just run over your notes before the examination. — Просто прогляди свои конспекты перед экзаменом.

    67) ( run through) промотать ( деньги)
    68) (run + прил.) становиться, делаться

    The little pond ran dry. — Маленький пруд высох.

    The roads ran wild. — Дороги заросли.

    Some say whiskey will run a man crazy. — Некоторые говорят, что от виски человек становится психом.

    - run low
    - run cold
    - run mad
    - run hot
    Syn:
    69) держать, мыть ( под краном)
    накапливаться, образовываться ( о долге)

    It is found a great safeguard against debt not to run long accounts. — Хорошая гарантия не делать долгов - не накапливать счёта.

    71)
    а) ( run into) втыкать, вонзать во (что-л.)
    б) ( run through) прокалывать, пронзать, протыкать (кого-л.)

    Ormonde ran two of the cowards through the body. — Ормонд пронзил тела двух трусов.

    72) иметь ( определённый) склад, характер, свойство, форму

    His hair was brown, with a tendency to run in ringlets. — У него были каштановые волосы, имеющие тенденцию завиваться колечками.

    73)
    а) преим. австрал. выпускать на подножный корм (коров, овец)
    Syn:
    б) запустить (хорька, которого держат для отлова кроликов, уничтожения крыс) в нору
    74) диал. скисать, сквашиваться ( о молоке)
    Syn:
    75)
    а) истекать (чем-л.)

    His lips, his fangs, ran blood. — С его губ, с его клыков стекала кровь.

    The drains will run the water out of the land. — Дренажные канавы осушат земли.

    Syn:
    •
    - run ashore
    - run aground
    - run foul of
    - run short
    - run counter
    - run about
    - run along
    - run around
    - run away
    - run back
    - run down
    - run in
    - run off
    - run on
    - run out
    - run over
    - run round
    - run through
    - run up
    ••

    to run one's mouth / off at the mouth — амер.; разг. неумеренно болтать, пустозвонить

    - run to form
    - run off the rails
    - run for luck
    - run messages
    - run it close
    - run it fine
    - run smth. close
    - run smb. close
    - run too far
    - run the gantlope
    - run oneself into the ground
    - run away with the idea     2. сущ.
    1)
    а) бег, пробег, пробежка

    to keep smb. on the run — не давать кому-л. остановиться

    We took a run around the track. — Мы побежали по беговой дорожке.

    Syn:
    б) перебежка, за которую засчитывается очко ( в крикете или бейсболе)
    в) гон; забег ( на скачках)
    2) короткая поездка, небольшое путешествие

    Let's take a run upstate for the day. — Давай съездим на денёк за город.

    Syn:
    3)
    а) плавание, переход ( особенно между двумя портами)
    б) ж.-д. пробег (паровоза, вагона)
    в) ж.-д. отрезок пути; прогон
    Syn:
    5)
    а) воен. наступательная операция, атака с моря или воздуха
    б) авиа заход на цель

    The aircraft is seen making its second run over the target. — Видно, как самолёт делает второй заход на цель.

    а) полёт, перелёт; рейс

    I was on the Sydney-Melbourne run. — Я совершал перелёт из Сиднея в Мельбурн.

    б) расстояние, пролетаемое самолётом
    7) выгрузка контрабандного товара ( доставляемого по морю), прибытие контрабандного товара

    Keep careful watch tonight; run expected. — Будьте на страже сегодня ночью; ожидается прибытие контрабандного товара.

    8) регулярный обход, объезд

    At night when they had done the evening run on their traps they would return home. — Вечером после того, как они объезжали все свои ловушки, они возвращались домой.

    9) амер.
    а) ручей, речушка
    Syn:
    б) сток, водослив
    Syn:
    в) поток, сильный прилив
    10) струя песка, обвал, оползень
    Syn:
    12) муз. рулада
    13) период времени, полоса (удач, неудач и т. п.)

    Gamblers always hope for a run of good luck. — Игроки всегда надеются, что наступит полоса удач.

    We have had a long-continued run of the loveliest weather. — На длительный период установилась чудеснейшая погода.

    Syn:
    14) геол. простирание пласта; направление рудной жилы
    16) амер. спустившаяся петля ( обычно на чулке)

    I'm darning up a run in my old ski sweater. — Я зашиваю спустившуюся петлю на старом свитере.

    Syn:
    17) непрерывная серия, последовательность
    18) рыба, идущая на нерест

    run of the Field Newspaper from 1985 — подшивка газеты "Филд" с 1985 года

    20) горн. поезд или ряд вагонеток ( в шахте)
    21) ( the run) разг. приступ поноса
    22)
    а) фин. наплыв требований к банкам о немедленных выплатах

    In July the failure of some commercial firms resulted in a run on several German banks. — В июле банкротство нескольких коммерческих фирм привело к массовому изъятию вкладов из нескольких немецких банков.

    б) спрос (на какой-л. товар)

    The book has a considerable run. — Книга хорошо распродаётся.

    в) наплыв, скопление (покупателей и т. п.)
    23) период, в который спектакль, фильм остаётся на сцене, идёт в прокате; период, в который выставка открыта для посетителей

    This comedy has a lengthened run. — Эта комедия уже долго идёт на сцене.

    The International Textile Exhibition closed yesterday after a run of something like six weeks. — Вчера закрылась международная текстильная выставка, которая работала около шести недель.

    24)
    а) ток ( жидкости); количество жидкости, протекающее в единицу времени

    It was no hard run - but my 104 buckets would probably yield 40 or 50 gallons of maple sap today. — Ток был не очень обильным - однако сегодня 104 моих ведра, возможно, дали 40 или 50 галлонов кленового сока.

    б) нефт. погон, фракция
    25)
    а) ход, работа, действие (машины, двигателя)

    Only one experimental run to test the machinery has been made. — Для проверки оборудования было проведено только одно экспериментальное испытание.

    в) информ. (однократный) проход, прогон ( программы)
    26) нечто среднее, стандарт; большинство

    common / general / normal / ordinary run — обычный, средний тип, класс

    We've had nothing exciting - just the usual run of applicants. — У нас не происходило ничего особенного - обычные просители.

    a man of mind, above the run of men — умный человек, превосходящий большинство людей

    27) выводок (о детёнышах животных, птиц)
    Syn:
    28) партия товара, класс товара

    The best runs of English and foreign wheat sell at full prices. — Лучшие сорта английской и иностранной пшеницы продаются по полной цене.

    run of 3,000 copies — тираж в 3000 экземпляров

    30) тропа, проложенная животными
    31) нора, убежище

    The kids are building a rabbit run. — Дети строят норку для кролика.

    Syn:
    32)

    Fowls are restricted to a narrow yard or run. — Домашние птицы содержатся в узком загоне или вольере.

    б) австрал. (овечье) пастбище
    в) австрал. скотоводческая ферма
    33) уклон; трасса
    34) ( runs) амер. место разгрузки, погрузки или сортировки вагонов, горка
    35)
    а) жёлоб, лоток, труба и т. п. (для воды)
    б) горн. бремсберг, уклон
    36) мор. кормовое заострение ( корпуса)
    37) направление; тенденция развития

    We shall find, I think, the general run of things to be such as I have represented it. — Я думаю, что мы обнаружим общую тенденцию развития такой, как я здесь представил.

    Syn:
    38) разг. свобода, возможность пользования (чем-л.)

    You have the run of my office. — Вы можете свободно пользоваться моим офисом.

    Then I have the run of the place entirely to myself. — Итак, это место в полном моём распоряжении.

    Syn:
    39) амер. переселение колонистов на новые земли
    40) австрал.; новозел. стрижка овцы
    ••

    the run of one's teeth / knife — бесплатное питание ( обычно за выполненную работу)

    in the long run — в конце концов; в общем

    to get the run — преим. австрал.; разг. быть уволенным с работы

    - be on the run
    - do smth. on the run
    - have smb. on the run
    - get smb. on the run
    - keep smb. on the run     3. прил.
    2) мор. сбежавший, дезертировавший
    3) идущий на нерест, нерестящийся ( о рыбе)
    4) шотл. туго затянутый ( об узле)
    5) горн. мягкий
    6) диал. скисший, свернувшийся ( о молоке)
    Syn:
    coagulated, clotted
    7) разг. контрабандный ( о товаре)
    Syn:
    8)
    9) гонимый, преследуемый; измученный погоней, выдохшийся
    Syn:
    hunted, chased
    10) продолжающийся, непрерывный
    Syn:
    11) (- run) происходящий ( определённым образом)

    Nothing differs more from a true-run race than the ordinary careful gallop used in training. — Настоящие скачки кардинально отличаются от обычного аккуратного галопа при тренировке.

    Англо-русский современный словарь > run

  • 19 Keller, Friedrich Gottlieb

    SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing
    [br]
    b. 27 June 1818 Hainichen, Saxony, Germany
    d. 8 September 1895 Krippen, Bad Schandau, Germany
    [br]
    German inventor of wood-pulp paper.
    [br]
    The son of a master weaver, he originally wished to become an engineer, but while remaining in the parental home he had to follow his father's trade in the textile industry, becoming a master weaver himself in 1839 at Hainichen. He was a good observer and a keen model maker. It was at this stage, in the early 1840s, that he began experimenting with a new material for papermaking. Until then the raw material had been waste rag from the textile industry, but the ever-increasing demands of the mechanical printing presses, especially those producing newspapers, were beginning to outstrip supply. Keller tried using pine wood ground with a wet grindstone. The mass of fibres that resulted was then heated with water to form a thick brew which he then strained through a cloth. By this means Keller obtained a pulp that could be used for papermaking. He constructed a simple grinding machine that could disintegrate the wood without splinters; this was used to make paper in the Altchemnitzer paper mill, and the newspaper Frankenberger Intelligenz-und Wochenblatt was the first to be printed on wood-pulp paper. Keller could not secure state funds to promote his invention, so he approached an expert in papermaking, Heinrich Voelter, Technical Director of the Vereinigten Bautzener Papierfabrik. Voelter put up 700 thaler, and in August 1845 the state of Saxony granted a patent in both their names. In 1848 the first practical machine for grinding wood was produced, but four years later the patent expired. Unfortunately Keller could not afford the renewal fee, and it was Voelter who developed the process of wood-pulp papermaking under his own name, leaving Keller behind. Without this invention, the output of paper from the mills could not have kept pace with the demands of the printing industry, and the mass readership that these technological developments made possible could not have been served. It is no fault of Keller's that wood-pulp paper contains within itself the seeds of its own deterioration and ultimate destruction, presenting librarians of today with an intractable problem of preservation. Keller's part in this technical breakthrough is established in his "ideas" notebook covering the years 1841 and 1842, preserved in the museum at Hainichen.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    Neue deutsche Biographie. VDI Zeitschrift, Vol. 39, p. 1,238.
    "EineErfindungvon Weltruf", 1969, VDI Nachrichten. Vol. 29, p. 18.
    Clapperton, History ofPapermaking Through the Ages (provides details of the development of wood-pulp papermaking in its historical context).
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Keller, Friedrich Gottlieb

  • 20 semejante

    adj.
    1 similar (parecido).
    son de una edad semejante they are (of) a similar age
    2 such (tal).
    jamás aceptaría semejante invitación I would never accept such an invitation
    una propuesta de semejante talante a proposal of this nature, such a proposal
    ¡cómo pudo decir semejante tontería! how could he say something so stupid!
    m.
    1 fellow (human) being.
    2 fellowman, fellow, fellow being, fellow creature.
    * * *
    1 (parecido) similar
    2 peyorativo (tal) such, like that
    3 (geometría) similar
    1 fellow being
    * * *
    adj.
    2) such
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) (=parecido) similar
    2) (Mat) similar
    3) [uso enfático] such

    ¿se ha visto frescura semejante? — did you ever see such cheek?

    4) Cono Sur, Méx (=enorme) huge, enormous
    2. SM
    1) (=prójimo) fellow man, fellow creature
    2)

    no tiene semejante — (=equivalente) it has no equal, there is nothing to equal it

    * * *
    I
    a) ( similar) similar
    b) (Mat) similar
    II

    tus/nuestros semejantes — your/our fellow men

    * * *
    I
    a) ( similar) similar
    b) (Mat) similar
    II

    tus/nuestros semejantes — your/our fellow men

    * * *
    semejante1
    1 = fellow human being, kindred, fellow, twin, fellow being.

    Ex: What is our responsibility to a fellow human being, who in this case happens to be a respected library director who is also our boss?.

    Ex: The indexer must evaluate whether the index user will profit if a distinction is made between two kindred terms.
    Ex: Cave paintings, baked clay tablets, papyrus rolls, vellum, parchment and paper manuscripts, movable type printing; these have been the material objects by means of which man have communicated with their fellows.
    Ex: The two moulds, which were twins, were oblong wire sieves mounted on wooden frames, and the deckle was a removable wooden rim which could be fitted to either mould to make it into a tray-like sieve with a raised edge.
    Ex: Immorality and general disrespect for our fellow beings is just about the norm in this day and age.

    semejante2
    = analogous, parallel, suchlike.

    Ex: But what about when our own professional center, the Library of Congress, uses BUSHMEN and HOTTENTOTS which are analogous to Polacks and Kikes and Wops?.

    Ex: The increasing demand for paper of all sorts, which the giant productivity of the Fourdrinier machine could easily meet, resulted in a parallel demand for rags which was soon outstripping the supply.
    Ex: I think this should all be interpreted as a challenge, rather than as a mandate for complacency or suchlike.
    * Nombre + semejante = such + Nombre.
    * semejante a = akin to.

    * * *
    1 (similar) similar
    realizaron un experimento semejante con ratas they carried out a similar experiment with rats
    los dos colores son muy semejantes the two colors are very similar
    ¿se va a ir a vivir a Francia? — le oí decir algo semejante is he going off to live in France? — I heard him say something of the sort o something along those lines
    semejante A algo similar TO sth
    sus costumbres son semejantes a las nuestras their customs are similar to ours, they have similar customs to ours
    llevaba zapatos semejantes a los tuyos she was wearing shoes similar to o like yours
    2 ( Mat) similar
    (para énfasis): nunca había oído semejante estupidez I'd never heard such nonsense o anything so stupid
    yo nunca dije semejante tontería I never said such a stupid thing
    ¿te vas a acabar semejante plato de fideos? are you really going to be able to finish all those noodles?
    tus/nuestros semejantes your/our fellow men
    debemos amar a nuestros semejantes we must love our fellow men
    * * *

     

    semejante adjetivo

    semejante A algo similar to sth

    ◊ ¡cómo puedes decir semejante cosa! how can you say such a thing!;

    nunca había oído semejante estupidez I'd never heard such nonsense o anything so stupid
    ■ sustantivo masculino:

    semejante
    I adjetivo
    1 (parecido) similar: no había oído nada semejante, I had never heard anything like it
    2 (tal) such: ¿de dónde sacó semejante idea?, where did he get such an idea from?
    II m (prójimo) fellow man: ama a tus semejantes, love your fellow men

    ' semejante' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    estupidez
    - homóloga
    - homólogo
    - lance
    - mamarracho
    - tal
    - vecina
    - vecino
    - burrada
    - caminata
    - parejo
    - prójimo
    English:
    akin
    - alike
    - asinine
    - nothing
    - similar
    - such
    - whatever
    - anything
    - bowls
    - possess
    - sort
    * * *
    ♦ adj
    1. [parecido] similar (a to);
    son de una edad semejante they are (of) a similar age;
    su plan es semejante al nuestro her plan is similar to ours
    2. [tal] such;
    jamás aceptaría semejante invitación I would never accept such an invitation;
    una propuesta de semejante talante a proposal of this nature, such a proposal;
    no sé cómo pudo mover semejante piedra I don't know how he managed to shift such a heavy rock;
    ¡cómo pudo decir semejante tontería! how could he say something so stupid!;
    ¡semejante mentiroso! ¡cómo puede decir eso! what a liar! how can he say that!
    ♦ nm
    fellow (human) being
    * * *
    I adj similar;
    jamás he oído semejante tontería I’ve never heard such nonsense
    II m fellow human being, fellow creature;
    mis semejantes my fellow men
    * * *
    1) parecido: similar, alike
    2) tal: such
    nunca he visto cosa semejante: I have never seen such a thing
    prójimo: fellowman
    * * *
    1. (similar) similar
    2. (tal) such / such a

    Spanish-English dictionary > semejante

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